Common Respiratory Problems in Newborns

- Neonatal Apnea

Neonatal apnea is defined as a cessation of breathing for more than 20 seconds, accompanied by a heart rate drop below 100 beats per minute, cyanosis, and reduced blood oxygen saturation. Apneic episodes are more frequent in preterm infants.

Types of Apnea:

Obstructive Apnea: Caused by airway blockage due to improper positioning, weak pharyngeal muscles, or tissue inflammation.
Central Apnea: Due to an immature nervous system, commonly seen in preterm infants.
Mixed Apnea: A combination of both obstructive and central apnea.

Causes of Apnea:

Congenital heart defects
Infections and sepsis
Birth asphyxia and intracranial hemorrhage
Hypoxia
Hypoglycemia
Anemia
Gastroesophageal reflux
Hypothermia or hyperthermia
Sedative medications transferred from the mother through the placenta

Nursing Care:

Continuous monitoring of vital signs and oxygen saturation using a monitor
Maintaining the infant’s body temperature
Keeping the airway open by positioning the baby correctly (placing a small towel under the shoulders while lying on the back)
Documenting apnea episodes, including duration, symptoms, and the baby’s response to interventions (e.g., tactile stimulation, oxygen administration, repositioning, airway suctioning, or using an ambu bag)
Administering medications such as caffeine or theophylline as prescribed to reduce apnea episodes