Retinoblastoma

- Introduction

Retinoblastoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in children, accounting for approximately 2–4% of all pediatric cancers. It typically manifests at a median age of two years. Significant advances in multidisciplinary care combined with implementation of novel therapeutic modalities have improved survival rates in HICs, with survival exceeding 95%. However, these outcomes remain difficult to replicate in LMICs, where delayed diagnosis and limited access to specialized care, persist as major barriers to effective management and timely treatment. The principal therapeutic objective remains the preservation of life, followed by ocular salvage and visual function retention whenever feasible.^(19)(20)