Fungal diseases

- Diagnosis for fungal diseases

-The diagnosis is typically dependent on a collection of data from the history, clinical presentation, postmortem findings, hematology, biochemistry, serology, radiological alterations, endoscopy, and fungus culture.

-Isolation and Identification of Causative Agent Mold can detected microscopically in tissues from infected. There are several ways to obtain tissue samples for testing, involves removing some of the affected tissue, swabbing the lesion, and pulling one of the plaques away. The diagnostic samples you collect must carefully handle using aseptic techniques. Simply immersing a tiny portion of the nodule in 10-20% potassium hydroxide (KOH), heating the slide over a flame  for separating the material, and placing it on a microscope slide, these samples can studied under a microscope, Hyphae will appear

-Most commonly, samples placed on Sabouraud dextrose agar and incubating it for 24 hours- 7days hours at 37°C with a distinctive conidial head and colony, the pathogenic organism can be isolated.

- Histopathological examination using a special fungal stain reveals granulomas containing mycelium of the tissue.

-samples,  such as the lungs, trachea, throat, and thoracic air sacs, treated before embedded in pieces of paraffin and stained using the haematoxylin and eosin (HE) procedure. Other specialized stains, such as Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Bauer and Gridley's, Groote's, and Gomori Methanamine Silver stains, make it simple to identify the hyphae and mycelia of fungus.

-Immunity and serologic tests Serological. Because the fungal antigens are generic, serologic testing have limited relevance. Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and agar gel immunodiffusion measurements of the antibody response.

-Diagnostic imaging (Radiography and Endoscopy)

 Radiographic examination is a quick and effective method for obtaining a preliminary assessment of the underlying disease in non-critical instances in valuable and research birds. When examining the bird's lungs and air sacs for indications of inflammation or granulomas and to determine the general health of the bird's lower respiratory tract, non-invasive imaging modalities such as lateral and dorso-ventral radiography images

Molecular diagnosis

 PCR can be used to analyses fungal DNA from bodily fluids or serum, however although being extremely sensitive.

Differential diagnosis

 The particular clinical signs of avian aspergillosis vary on the organ and systems affected. Early broiler chick mortality should screened out for Aspergillosis since mycotoxicosis, acute bacterial septicemia, or carbon monoxide poisoning may bring it on. Infectious laryngo-tracheitis, infectious bronchitis (coughing, gasping,and extension of the neck during inspiration), and Newcastle disease all cause dyspnea and watery, greenish diarrhea. mycobacteriosis, colibacillosis, dactylaria infection (nervous sign),

and nutritional encephalomalacia are among the differential diagnose.            -The granulomatous lesions seen during necropsy typically used to distinguish pulmonary aspergillosis from other avian respiratory illnesses; however, Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in chicks can resemble it.

- pneumonia and exudative fibrinous or fibrinoheterophilic air sacculitis are frequently observed in mycoplasmosis, colibacillosis, poultry cholera, and chlamydophilosis patients.                                                                                 -When granulomas predominate, mycobacteriosis and other mycoses must also take into consideration and Aspergillus ocular oedema resembles infectious coryza or vitamin A deficiency in chicks.