Wounds first aid

Under supervision

- Prof. Dr. Mohamed Latif, CEO of the Egyptian Health Council

 Dr. Kawthar Mahmoud, Head of the Egyptian Nursing Syndicate - Member of the Senate

Supervised by

Dr. sherif wadie, advisor to the minster of health for emergency and urgent care

Prepared by

•  Stop the bleeding and try to control it by applying pressure with a clean bandage

•  If the bandage becomes saturated with blood, add another bandage over the first

•  Do not wash a deep wound

•  If you suspect a skull fracture, simply apply a clean bandage to the wound and do not apply pressure or remove any damaged tissue

•  Apply indirect ice packs to the injury for 20-30 minutes every  2-4  hour to reduce swelling

•  If vomiting occurs, turn the victim's head, neck and body onto their side as one unit

•   Leave embedded objects in place and place bandages around them to prevent them from moving

•   Wrap the open area with plastic wrap or whatever is readily available

•   If you see air bubbles in the blood or hear air coming out of the chest cavity, cover the wound with a bandage and secure it with plaster on three sides and leave the fourth side without plaster to prevent air from accumulating inside the chest

•   Apply pressure to the bandage to stop the bleeding, and add more bandages if necessary

•   If possible, have the victim sit or lie on the injured side if there is no sharp object embedded in it

-  Nausea​​

-  thirst

-  external bleeding

-  Protrusion of organs from the abdomen

-  Pale skin color and moist texture

Reasons

▶️ Trauma causes

▶️ Eye injury due to some chemicals, such as exposure to harmful radiation such as ultraviolet rays

▶️ Direct injuries such as gunshots

▶️ Eye injury from any solid object such as wood, metal, glass, or a football thrown at high speed, or from field injuries

Eye injuries range from superficial scratches to a ruptured eyeball with severe negative effects on the optic nerve and retina, which may lead to loss of vision .

Signs and symptoms:

-   Severe pain in or behind the eye

-   Continuous watering of the eyes

-   Redness of the eye

-   Weakness, change, or loss of vision

-   Bleeding in or around the eye

First aid in case objects such as glass fragments, sawdust or iron filings stick to the eye:

•  Ask the patient not to touch the sample

•  It is recommended to wash his eyes under running water

•  Ask the injured person to blink his eyelids several times until the eye waters, which helps to wash it

•  If the impurities persist after the previous attempts, do not continue so as not to scratch the surface of the eye

•  In case of blueness or bleeding in the eye, or a change in vision, or severe pain when moving it, and if the above fails, cover the eye with a clean bandage, but do not put pressure on it, until the patient is shown to an ophthalmologist

Note:

Any injuries around the eye may be accompanied by a head injury

First aid in case of eye exposure to chemicals:

•  Remove contact lenses if present

•  Immediately flush the eye under cool running water for 15 minutes, keeping the eye open

•  Apply cold compresses to the eyes to relieve the burning senation

•  Reassure the injured person

First aid in case of a strong blow to the eye from a ball or other:

•  Apply cold compresses to the eye, but do not press on it

•  If there is bleeding or a blood clot in the eye, cover it with a clean bandage and keep your head elevated to prevent swelling

•  The patient should be referred to an ophthalmologist if the pain persists or vision is affected

Some injuries and first aid methods

Muscle injuries:
Muscle injuries are often suffered by players because muscles are the main tool for implementing physical performance requirements and a major component of the human locomotor system . Muscle injuries are divided into two sections :
Bruises:
are the crushing of tissues and various body organs such as skin, muscles, bones and joints as a result of direct injury by an external factor. They are often accompanied by pain, swelling and internal bleeding, followed by the infiltration of blood plasma fluid

Tension and tearing:

It is a strain or tear of muscle fibers or tendons as a result of sudden muscular effort greater than the muscle's ability to bear this effort. Muscle tear is accompanied by pain at the site of the injury and swelling in addition to the inability of the injured muscle to perform its function

Causes of muscle strain and muscle tear:

-   Sudden muscle contraction .

-   Excessive muscle effort or strenuous exercise .

-   Neglecting to warm up before exercise .

-   Lack of balance and coordination in training .

-   When muscle elasticity is less than required .

Places where tension is most common :

-   pectoral muscle

-   Abdominal muscle .

-   Quadriceps femoris muscle .

-   Sartorius muscle .

-   Vastus intermedius muscle .

-     hind leg muscle

-    The gemma muscle .

-    Medial gastrocnemius muscle .

First aid for muscle strain:

·  Give rest to the affected part and relax the affected muscles to reduce muscle tension .

·  Apply cold water or ice cubes immediately after the injury to stop internal bleeding and reduce swelling

·  Then the patient is instructed to do the following:
- Bathe with different water temperatures (cold then hot) two to three times a day to stimulate blood circulation .
- Use medical ointments designed to relieve pain and swelling .
- Use a compression bandage throughout the day and remove it when sleeping .
- Use a pillow when sleeping or sitting to raise the injured limb .
- Gradually train the injured muscles under the supervision of a physical therapist .

Anterior cruciate ligament injuries of the knee :

·  ACL tear is a common sports injury, accounting for 20% of knee injuries. Sports of all kinds are the main causes of this injury. This injury occurs in varying degrees of severity, either a partial or complete tear. This injury is one of the injuries that forces the player to stay away from the field for a long period of time, which may reach a year in advanced injuries

·  In cases of partial rupture, the player will be forced to stay away from the field for a period of no less than six months .

What is the knee joint?:

–   The knee joint is one of the largest joints in the body and is of great importance in walking and bearing weight. The joint is supported by muscles, ligaments and cartilage that contribute to protecting the joint from damage that may occur during sports and various activities

–   The anterior cruciate ligament is one of the ligaments that support the knee, as it works to stabilize the joint and prevent the shin bone  (tibia) from sliding forward .

Causes of injury  and how it occurs:

• One of the main causes of injury is sports of various kinds, such as football, basketball, skiing, and others. The injury occurs as a result of a strong, unnatural movement, leading to a lack of resistance in the ligaments, and usually, the ligaments opposite to the direction of movement performed by the player are affected.
• It can also occur due to a direct external impact or trauma. When the foot is planted firmly on the ground, followed by a strong rotational movement due to a rapid change in body direction, this injury happens, as seen in basketball and football. Football, in particular, is more common due to the physical contact between players.
• When the injury occurs, the person usually hears a loud popping sound and feels that the knee is unstable and wobbly.

Symptoms :

–  Symptoms usually vary from one person to another. Important symptoms include swelling within a short time after the injury as a result of internal bleeding in the knee, pain, and a feeling of instability in the knee (imbalance) or wobble, especially when trying to change the direction of the body or while climbing stairs .

–  Pain and swelling usually last for 2 to 4 weeks while instability  (dislocation)  persists, requiring surgical intervention to prevent rheumatism of the knee joint

first aid:

·  The foot is immobilized and the necessary tests are performed. The  swelling  is usually treated by excision and the necessary surgery is performed on the joint.

Swallowing the tongue:

It is a condition in which the tongue is pushed inward, stopping the uvula or epiglottis from working, and the tongue blocks the airway  (trachea )  . It often occurs in those who have a long membrane under the tongue, which helps to cause this condition

first aid:

·  The tongue is pulled out using the hook-finger method  (bring your index and middle fingers together and cross them over the tongue and pull it forward)

·  Bleeding is stopped with available medications and is often treated surgically .

Finally, many injuries occur, such as direct injuries to the lower jaw, such as a violent  hit  or fall, which may lead to sprains and fractures. Such injuries are treated as mentioned above.