Applied Anesthesia for different animals

- Acknowledgement

We would like to acknowledge the committee of National Egyptian Guidelines for Veterinary Medical Interventions, Egyptian Health Council for adapting this guideline.

Executive Chief of the Egyptian Health Council: Prof. Mohamed Mustafa Lotief.

Head of the Committee: Prof. Ahmed M Byomi

The rapporteur of the Committee: Prof. Mohamed Mohamedy Ghanem.

Scientific Group Members: Prof. Nabil Yassien, Prof. Ashraf Shamaa, Prof. Amany Abbass, Prof. Dalia Mansour, Dr Essam Sobhy, Dr. Mohamed Elsharkawy, Prof. Gamal Sosa. Dr. Naglaa Radwan, Dr. Hend El Sheikh

Scientific Editor: Prof. Ashraf Aly Eldesoky Shamaa Prof. Mohamed Mostafa Saied Amer, Prof. Shaaban Mohamed and Dr. Mohamed Mostafa Bahr Mostafa,

- Abbreviations

mg Milligram Kg kilogram mL milliliter

IM intramuscular IV intravenous S/c subcutaneous

hrs Hours ug microgram Br Breathing Rate

HR Hart Rate Dy day Sec second

APR Abdominoperineal resection ETV Endoscopic third ventriculostomy

IPPV Intermittent positive-pressure ventilation OD Overdose

- Glossary

· Sepsis means presence of the pathogenic microorganism in the living tissue or in the body fluid

· Contamination the presence of microorganisms on the living tissues, materials and equipment

· Infections the growth of microorganism on, and their invasion of living tissues

· Sterilization means complete elimination of all microorganisms (including both vegetative and spore forming) by using physical and chemical methods of sterilization.

· Asepsis is the state of being free from disease pathogenic microorganisms in the living tissue or in the body fluid (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites).

· Antisepsis is the methods to combat pathogenic microorganisms or inhibit their growth by antiseptics and disinfectants.

· Contamination is the presence of microorganisms on the living tissue, materials and equipments.

· Infection is the growth of microorganism on and their invasion of living tissues.

- Scope

This guideline outlines the basics of general surgery, suture materials and techniques. In order to perform surgery in animals, it is important to know and understand the different techniques of anesthesia and correctly diagnose, construct surgical plan and follow up treatment using diagnostic imaging. So, complete understanding the different anesthetic drugs and techniques as well as the different methods of diagnostic imaging for all animal species is essential and must be achieved.Also know and understand the surgical problems of the different body systems including digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urogenital and abdominal wall. Moreover, to accustom students how to pick the principles up, to recognize case appraisal, etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, prognosis and different traits used of treatment.understand and diagnose lameness in different animal species. Moreover, to accustom students how to pick the principles up, to recognize case appraisal, etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, prognosis and different traits of eye, ear as well as back diseases

- Anesthetic recommendations for different animal species

Anesthetic recommendations for different animal species
Species	Procedure	Status Desired	Drugs Recommended (mg/Kg)
Horses	Standing Procedures	General Sedation General Analgesia w/out Ataxia	Xylazine + Methadone (0.6+0.1 mg/Kg) Xylazine + Morphine (1+0.1 mg/Kg) Xylazine + Buprenorphine (0.6 + 0.004 mg/Kg) Detomidine + Butorphanol (0.01 + 0.03 mg/Kg)
	Local Analgesia / Nerve Blocks	General Sedation Local Analgesia w/out Ataxia	1% Mepivacaine 0.5% Bupivacaine
	Castration; Standing	General Sedation Local Analgesia w/out Ataxia	2% Lignocaine (20 – 35 ml)
	Caudal Epidural; Standing	General Sedation Local Analgesia w/out Ataxia	2% Lignocaine (10 ml) 2% Mepivacaine (5 ml)
	Epidural Block; Standing	General Sedation Local Analgesia w/out Ataxia	2% Lignocaine (100 - 150 ml)
	General Anaesthesia	Long Recumbency & Unconsciousness. Short Recovery w/out Excitement	Local Analgesia: 1-2 ml over Jugular Premed - IV Ind - Inhalant Maint: Acepromazine – Thiopentone - Halothane Xylazine - Ketamine - Halothane
Cows	Standing Procedures	General Sedation Local Analgesia w/out Ataxia	Detomidine + Local Analgesics Acepromazine + Local Analgesics
	Cranial Nerve Blocks		2% Lignocaine Hydrochloride (5ml x 2-3)
	Digital Nerve Blocks		2% Lignocaine Hydrochloride (20 ml x 2-3)
	Paravertebral Nerve Blocks		2% Lignocaine Hydrochloride (15 – 20 ml per site)
	Castration; Standing		2% Lignocaine Hydrochloride (10 – 25 ml per teste)
	Caudal Epidural; Standing		2% Lignocaine Hydrochloride (5-15 ml)
	Epidural Block; Standing		2% Lignocaine Hydrochloride (100 – 150 ml) + Adrenaline 1:200 000
	General Anaesthesia	Long Recumbency & Unconsciousness. Short Recovery w/out Excitement	Atropine – Xylazine – Ketamine Atropine - Chloral Hydrate – Pentobarbitone Na Atropine – Xylazine – Thiopentone Na - Halothane
Ovine & Caprine	Standing Procedures	General Sedation Local Analgesia w/out Ataxia	Xylazine + Local Analgesics Acepromazine + Local Analgesics
	Cranial Nerve Blocks (Adult) Cornual Nerve Blocks (Young)	General Sedation + Local Analgesia Light General Anaesthesia	2% Lignocaine Hydrochloride (2 – 3 ml per site) Halothane + Oxygen Inhalation
	Paravertebral Nerve Blocks	General Sedation Local Analgesia w/out Ataxia	1% Lignocaine HCl + Adrenaline 1: 100 000
	Castration (Ov > 3mo & Cap > 2mo)		1% Lignocaine Hydrochloride (2 - 10 ml per teste)
	Caudal Epidural; Standing		1% Lignocaine Hydrochloride (0.75 – 1 ml)
	Epidural Block; Standing		1.5% Lignocaine HCl + Adrenaline 1 : 100 000
	Subarachnoid Block, Standing		1.5 – 2 ml Heavy Nupercaine
	General Anaesthesia	Long Recumbency & Unconsciousness. Short Recovery w/out Excitement	Diazepam – Ketamine – Halothane Medetomidine + Ketamine – Halothane Saffan - Saffan
	Post Operative Analgesia	Pain Free Recovery	10 mg Morphine IM / 250 mg Pethidine IM
Pigs	Castration < 5 mo	General Sedation Local Analgesia w/out Ataxia	300 mg/ml Pentobarbitone (20 ml per testicle)
	Epidural Block	General Sedation Local Analgesia w/out Ataxia	2% Lignocaine (10 - 20 ml) + Adrenaline
	General Anaesthesia	Long Recumbency & Unconsciousness. Short Recovery w/out Excitement	Azaperone - Saffan - Ether Xylazine - Ketamine - Ether Halothane - Halothane
	Post Operative Analgesia	Pain Free Recovery	Morphine (0.1 mg / kg up to 20 mg)
Dogs	IV Regional Analgesia	Local Analgesia	1% Lignocaine (2-3 ml IV)
	Cranial Nerve Blocks	Local Analgesia	1% Lignocaine (1 ml)
	Paravertebral Nerve Blocks	Analgesia in Abdominal Area	1% Lignocaine HCl + Adrenalin 1: 200 000
	Caudal Epidural	General Sedation Local Analgesia w/out Ataxia	2% Lignocaine HCl (1ml)
	Lumbar Epidural Block	General Sedation Local Analgesia w/out Ataxia	2% Lignocaine HCl + Adrenalin 1: 200 000 (2 ml per IV space)
	Castration	General Anaesthesia	Diazepam – Methohexitone Na – Halothane Atropine + Acepromazine – Thiopentone – N Oxide Atropine + Xylazine – Ketamine - Enflurane
	General Anaesthesia	Long Recumbency & Unconsciousness. Short Recovery w/out Excitement
	Post Operative Analgesia	Pain-Free Recovery	Bupivacaine / Morphine / Diazepam
Cats	Diffusion / Nerve Blocks	Regional Analgesia	1% Lignocaine (12 ml MAX)
	Lumbar Epidural Block	Analgesia to L1	2% lignocaine (1 ml / 4.5 kg)
		Analgesia to T5	2% lignocaine (1 ml / 3.4 kg)
	Castration	General Anaesthesia	Acepromazine – Xylazine - Saffan Midazolam – Ketamine - Halothane Atropine – Saffan – Ether
	General Anaesthesia	Long Recumbency & Unconsciousness. Short Recovery w/out Excitement
	Post Operative Analgesia	Pain-Free Recovery	Buprenorphine (0.006 mg/kg) Morphine (0.1 mg/kg
Rabbits	General Anaesthesia	Long Recumbency & Unconsciousness. Short Recovery w/out Excitement	Xylazine (3 mg/kg IV) + Ketamine (3 mg/kg IV) Ketamine (20 mg/kg) + Medetomidine (300 mg / kg) + Diazepam (0.75-1.5 mg/kg) Atropine (1 – 2 mg/kg) - Ketamine – Methoxyflurane
Rabbits	Post Operative Analgesia	Pain Free Recovery	Buprenorphine (0.02 – 0.05 mg/kg SC / 8 hrs.) Pethidine (10 mg/kg SC or IM / 2 hrs.)

- Equine anesthesia guideline

Anaesthetics used in Equine for Standing Procedures
Drug (Group Name)	Activity	Induction (min)	Duration (min)	Dose / Kg	Side Effects
Acepromazine (Phenothiazine Derivative)	Tranquilizer	2-5 I.V Maximum effect 45min	240-300	0.02 mg IV 0.05 mg IM	Vasodilation ® ¯ BP. HR. 1° AV Block Flaccid Penis Protrusion
Diazepam (Benzodiazepine)	Ataxia	2-5 i.v	120		Ataxia ® Panic
Xylazine (a2 Adrenoreceptor Agonists)	Sedative	5	30 – 60	0.5 – 1 mg IV	Transient ¯ HR in 2 min. ¯ ABP for 1 hr SA & AV Heart Block. Sweating. Hyperglycemia. Diuresis. ¯ Git Motility. 10-15 min BR. 10% Sol = Mild Tissue Rn.
Xylazine (a2 Adrenoreceptor Agonists)	Sedative	20	30 – 60	2 - 3 mg IM
Detomidine (a2 AA)	Sedative + Analgesic	10-15	60	10 - 20 mg IV or > 20 mg IM	As in Xylazine. No Tissue Rn..
Morphine (Opioid)	Analgesic	5-10	> 120	0.05 – 0.1 mg IV or < 0.25 mg IM	¯ BR. HR. ABP. It may cause excitement.
Methadone (Opioid)	Analgesic	5-10	> 120	0.05 – 0.1 mg IV or IM	Ataxia + Incoordination
Pethidine (Opioid)	GIT Antispasmodic	5-10	> 120	1 – 2 mg/kg IM	Excitement. Anaphylaxis
Butorphanol (Opioid)	Pre & Post Op Analgesic	5-10	120	> 0.1 mg/kg IV or IM	Ataxia + Crate-Walking
Buprenorphine (Opioid)	Analgesic	15	480	0.006 mg/kg IV or IM	-

Premedication used in Equine for General Anaesthesia
Drug (Group Name)	Activity	Indications	Application Time Pre Ind	Induction (min)	Dose / Kg	Side Effects
Atropine (Anticholinergic)	¯ Vagal Reflexes	Bradycardia	15-30 min	120	0.02-0.04 mg s.c	¯ Vision. Airway obstruction. ¯ Intestinal Motility
Glycopyrrolate (Anticholinergic)	¯ Vagal Reflexes	Bradycardia			0.01mg s.c im	¯ Vision. Airway obstruction. ¯ Intestinal Motility
Acepromazine	¯ Recovery Excitement other drugs Duration	Use of Barbiturates	1 hr	5 – 20	0.03 – 0.05 mg IV or 0.02 – 0.04 mg IM
10 % Xylazine	¯ other drugs Dose		15 – 20 min	120	2 mg IM	Reluctance to walk
10 % Xylazine	¯ other drugs Dose		2 – 4 min	120	1 mg IV
10 % Detomidine	¯ other drugs Dose		15 – 20 min	120	20 – 40 mg IM
10 % Detomidine	¯ other drugs Dose		2 – 4 min	120	10 – 20 mg IV

Induction Agents used in Equine for General Anaesthesia
Drug (Group Name)	Premedication	Dose / Kg	Induction (min)	Duration (min)	Side Effects
Thiopentone (Barbiturate)	Acepromazine	10 mg IV	0.5	15-20	Paddling Movements for 30 sec
Thiopentone (Barbiturate)	Xylazine	5.5 mg IV	0.5	15-20	Paddling Movements for 30 sec
Thiopentone + Guaiphenesin	Acepromazine	5 mg IV	1-2	30-45
Methohexitone	Xylazine	2.8 mg IV	0.5	25	Transient Abnormal BR
Ketamine	Xylazine	2.2 mg IV	2	10 - 30	Very abrupt end
Etorphine in Immobilon		0.5 / 50 IV 0.5 / 50 IM		45	IM use ® Excitement. ¯ BR. ¯HR. Priapism. 7 dy meat withdrawal.
Metomidate	Detomidine	2.25 mg IV
Halothane (Foals)

Maintenance Agents used in Equine for General Anaesthesia
Drug	Indications	Induction Agent	Dose / Kg	Duration (min)	Side Effects
Thiopentone Sodium (Barbiturate)	Unforeseen Halothane Maintenance	Xylazine - Ketamine	0.5 – 1.0 mg IV over 20-30 secs	10	It can’t be repeated
Methohexitone Na	Large Equine only	Xylazine - Ketamine	100 mg IV	20	¯ BR
Propofol		Xylazine	2 mg IV	15
50 mg Guaiphenesin + 1 mg Ketamine + 0.5 mg Xylazine	Amounts/ml of a 5% Dextrose Sol. in H2O	Xylazine - Ketamine	2.75 ml/hr	90
Halothane		Xylazine - Ketamine	W/ O2: 0.7–1.1% ETV W/ NO2: 0.9-1% ETV	30 minutes post-termination	¯ BR. ¯ APB. Acidosis. Hypoxia®Movement Recovery®Ataxia + Shivering
Enflurane		Xylazine - Ketamine	2.3% ETV		¯ APB. ¯ BR. Resp Arrest @ 4.5% ETV
Isoflurane	With IPPV	Xylazine - Ketamine	1.5% ETV		¯ BR. ¯ APB. ¯ Peripheral Resistance

- Bovine anesthesia guideline

General Anaesthetics Used in Bovine for Standing Procedures
Drug (Group Name)	Activity	Induction (min)	Duration (min)	Dose / Kg	Side Effects
Detomidine	Head lowered but standing	1-2 i.v	Dose-Dependent	10 mg IV	¯HR. Blood Sugar. Salivation. Urination.
Medetomidine	Deep Standing Sedation	1-2 i.v	Dose-Dependent	5 mg IV	EXPENSIVE
Acepromazine	Prepares for Local Anaesthetic	3-5 i.v	180	0.1 mg 1 hour previous	Higher doses will cause recumbency With General Anaest will cause delayed recovery Chance of rumen content aspiration
20% Pentobarbitone Na	Restraint of Nervous Cattle			1 – 2 g Pro Toto IV

Premedication used in Bovine for General Anaesthesia

Drug
(Group Name)

Activity

Indications

Application
Time Pre Ind

Induction
(min)

Dose / Kg

Side Effects

Atropine

¯ Vagal Reflexes

Bradycardia

20

0.02-0.04mg

¯ Vision. Airway obstruction.

¯ Intestinal Motility

Induction Agents used in Bovine for General Anaesthesia
Drug (Group Name)	Premedication	Dose / Kg	Induction (min)	Duration (min)	Side Effects
Chloral Hydrate (1:20 in H2O) 10% Chloral Hydrate		30 – 60 g Pr. To. PO 80 – 90 mg/kg IV	10 - 20
Xylazine		0.005 – 0.2 mg IV	10 - 20	30 - 35	Recovery = 7 hr. Blood Sugar. Urination. Relapse. Tympany. ¯HR. Salivation.
Medetomidine		10 mg IV			EXPENSIVE
Pentobarbitone Na		1 – 1.45 g / 50 Kg IV		30	Unsuitable for Calves < 1 mo
Thiopentone Na	None	11 mg/ kg IV	0.5	5-10	Apnoea for 20 sec. Unsuitable for Calves < 2 wk
Thiopentone Na	Xylazine	5-6 mg/kg IV	0.5	5-10	Apnoea for 20 sec. Unsuitable for Calves < 2 wk
Methohexitone Na		2.5 g Pro Toto IV	0.5-1	3-5	Recovery: Muscle Tremors
Ketamine	Xylazine	2 mg IV (Cow) 10 mg IV (Calf)	1-3	35	Excess Salivation
5% Guaiphenesin	Xylazine	80 – 100 mg			¯ ABP. BR + HR

Maintenance Agents used in Bovine for General Anaesthesia
Drug	Indications	Induction Agent	Dose / Kg	Duration (min)	Side Effects
6.5% Pentobarbitone Na		Chloral Hydrate	1 – 1.25 g / 500 IV	15-20	May be repeated
2 mg/ml Ketamine		Xylazine	10 ml/ min	45 mins after the stop
Halothane		Thiopentone Na	25 - 30 ml Pro Toto	60 min or 10 min after stop	Rumen torchers are needed for long periods.
Ether	With a closed system	Thiopentone Na			Excess Saliva and Mucous

A2 Adrenoreceptor Antagonists used in Bovine
Drug (Group Name)	Activity	Dose / Kg	Side Effects
Yohimbine (A2 Adrenoreceptor Antagonist)	Awakens Bovine under Xylazine	0,2 – 0,3 mg / kg
Tolazoline	Ruminal Motility after Xylazine	0.2 mg
Idazoxan	Awakens Calves after Xylazine	0.01 – 0.1 mg
Atipamezole	Awakens Bovine & Ruminal Motility	25 mg IV / 50 mg IM	Relapsed into stupor 2 hours later if given IV Excess may cause controlled hyperactivity

- Ovine and Caprine anesthesia guideline

Premedication used in Ovine & Caprine for General Anaesthesia
Drug (Group Name)	Activity	Indications	Time Pre Ind	Induction (min)	Dose / Kg	Side Effects
Atropine	¯ Vagal Reflexes Saliva Viscosity	Bradycardia	15-30	15-20 s.c 2-3 i.v	0.6 – 1.2 mg	¯ Vision. Airway obstruction. ¯ Intestinal Motility. HR
Diazepam	¯ Ketamine Side Effects		5-10	1-2 i.v	1 mg IV / 2 mg IM

Anaesthetics Used in Ovine & Caprine for Standing Procedures
Drug (Group Name)	Activity	Induction (min)	Duration (min)	Dose / Kg	Side Effects
Xylazine	Sedative	1-2 i.v	45 mins 12 hrs +	Ov: 0.1 - 0.15 mg IV Cap: 0.01 mg IV	Pulmonary Edema
Medetomidine	Deep Sedation	1-2 i.v	60	Ov: 10-20 mg IV	Blood Sugar. Salivation. Urination.
Diazepam (Benzodiazepine)	Sedation: No Analgesia	1-2 i.v	30-45	15mg PO / 2mg IM	IM injection painful
Midazolam	Sedation: No Analgesia	5	30-60	4 mg
Acepromazine (Phenothiazine Der)	Tranquilizer	3-5 i.v	60-120	OV: 0.05-0.1mg IM Cap: 0.1 IM	Chance of rumen content aspiration

Induction Agents used in Particularly Wild Ovine & Caprine for General Anaesthesia
Drug (Group Name)	Premedication	Dose / Kg	Induction (min)	Duration (min)	Side Effects
Pentobarbitone Na		Ov: 28-33 mg IV Cap: 30 mg IV	1-2	15 20 - 60	Propylene Glycol: Haemolysis & Haematuria
2.5 % Thiopentone Na		10 mg IV	0.5-1	5	Apnoe: 30-50 sec. Defecation. Regurgitation
2.5% Methohexitone Na	Diazepam	2 mg	1-2	5 – 7
Ketamine	Diazepam	OV: 20 mg IM	3-5	15-30	¯ BR. ¯ ABP Dose Dependant on IV inj
Saffan (steroid)		2.2 mg IV	2	10	Transient ¯ HR. ¯BR
Medetomidine + Ketamine		25 mg + 1 mg IM	5-10 I,v 15-30 i.m	Repeatable	EXPENSIVE
3-4 % Halothane + O2 / NO2			3 - 4		EXPENSIVE

Maintenance Agents used in Ovine & Caprine for General Anaesthesia
Drug	Indications	Induction Agent	Dose / Kg	Duration (min)	Side Effects
Nitrous Oxide + O2	Semi-closed System	IV Agent	4 l / min + 2 l / min		Tympany may cause Apnoea
Ether + O2 / NO2	Low-flow System	IV Agent			Profuse Salivation in Conscious animal
1-1.5% Halothane + O2 / NO2	Low-flow System	IV Agent / 3-4% Halothane	1 – 1.5% in air		¯ ABP. Dyspnoea.
Saffan (steroid)	Infusion	Saffan	0.23 mg / kg / min	30 mins after Stop	Transient ¯ HR. ¯BR

A2 Adrenoreceptor Antagonists used in Ovine & Caprine
Drug (Group Name)	Activity	Dose / Kg	Side Effects
Atipamezole	Awakens & Ru Motility	25 mg IV / 50 mg IM	Relapses into stupor 2 hours later if given IV

- Pigs anesthesia guideline

Anaesthetics Used in Pigs for Short Procedures
Drug (Group Name)	Activity	Induction (min)	Duration (min)	Dose / Kg	Side Effects
Azaperone (Butyrophenone)	Sedative	20	20-45	1 – 8 mg IM	Penal Protrusion > 1 mg/kg, ¯ ABP. BR. ¯ Temp
Droperidol (Butyrophenone)		10	15	0.1 – 0.4 mg IM	Disruption during induction causes panic.
Droperidol + Midazolam		10	15	0.5 + 0.3 mg IM	Disruption during induction causes panic.
Acepromazine	Sedative for IV Injection	10-15	45-60	0.03 – 0.1 mg IM

Premedication used in Pigs for General Anaesthesia
Drug (Group Name)	Activity	Indications	Time Pre Ind	Induction (min)	Dose / Kg	Side Effects
Atropine	¯ Vagal Reflexes Saliva Viscosity	General Anaesthesia	15-20	30-60	0.3 – 2.4 mg	¯ Vision. Airway obstruction. ¯ Intestinal Motility. HR
Glycopyrrolate	¯ Vagal Reflexes Saliva Viscosity	General Anaesthesia	15-20	30-60	0.2 – 2.0 mg	¯ Vision. Airway obstruction. ¯ Intestinal Motility. HR
Dantrolene Na	¯ PMH risk	Halothane Use	Few min		2 – 10 mg
Azaperone	Sedative	Wild Pigs	20		1 – 8 mg IM	Penal Protrusion > 1 mg/kg, ¯ ABP. BR. ¯ Temp

Induction Agents used in Pigs for General Anaesthesia
Drug (Group Name)	Premedication	Dose / Kg	Induction (min)	Duration (min)	Side Effects
Saffan (Steroid)	None	6 mg IV	0.5-1	10 - 15	¯ PMH risk. ¯ BR
Saffan (Steroid)	Azaperone	2 mg IV		10 - 15	¯ PMH risk. ¯ BR
Metomidate	Azaperone	3.3 mg IV	1-2 i.v	10 - 20	Painful Stimuli cause Panic.
2.5 %Thiopentone Na	Azaperone	5 – 10 mg IV	1-2	5 – 10	¯ BR. Apnoea.
2.5 % Methohexitone Na		5 – 6 mg IV	1-2	5 – 10
Pentobarbitone Na		30 mg IV		10 - 15
Ketamine	Xylazine	2 - 5 mg IM	2-3 i.v 10-20 I,m	10 - 15	EXPENSIVE. Abrupt Wakening.

Maintenance Agents used in Pigs for General Anaesthesia
Drug	Indications	Induction Agent	Dose / Kg	Duration (min)	Side Effects
Halothane	Low-Flow System	Not Necessary	1 – 1.5% in air		Porcine Malignant Hyperthermia ¯ BR. ¯ HR. Motor responses.
Ether	Good Premed & Induction Low-Flow System	IV Agent	1 – 1.5% in air

- Canine anesthesia guideline

Analgesics Used in Dogs for Short Procedures
Drug (Group Name)	Activity	Induction (min)	Duration (min)	Dose / Kg	Side Effects
Morphine (Opioid)	Analgesic	5-10	4 hrs	0.1 – 0.2 mg IM	Vomiting. Defecation.
Pethidine		5-10	2 – 4 hrs	1 – 2 mg IM	Hyptension if given IV
Methadone		5-10	4 hrs	0.1 mg IM / IV	Vomiting. Defecation.
Fentanyl		5-10	20 – 30	0.001 – 0.007 mg IV	Vomiting. Defecation.
Buprenorphine		5	6 – 8 hrs	0.006 mg IM / IV	Vomiting. Defecation.
2% Acepromazine	Sedative	20 60	4 – 24 hrs	0.03 - 0.05 mg IM 1- 3 mg PO	¯ ABP
Xylazine	Sedative / Hypnotic ¯ other drugs dose	10-15	30-60	1 – 3 mg IM	Vomiting. ABP. ¯ BR.
Medetomidine	Sedative / Hypnotic ¯ other drugs dose	10	45-60	40 mg IM 30 – 80 mg PO	¯ HR. Blood Sugar. Salivation. Urination.
Combelen: Methadone + Proionylpromazine	Sedative + Opioid
Acepromazine + Bubrenorphine				0.07 mg + 9 mg
Methadone + Xylazine				(0.5 mg+0.5 mg kg

Premedication used in Dogs for General Anaesthesia
Drug (Group Name)	Activity	Indications	Time Pre Ind	Induction (min)	Dose / Kg	Side Effects
Diazepam	¯ Induction dose	¯ Excitability in Methohexitone Use	5	1-2 i.v	0.25 mg IV 0.5 – 1 mg IM	Painful on IV Injection
Midazolam	¯ other drugs dose		5	1-2 i.v	0.2 – 0.5 mg IV
Atropine Sulphate	¯ Vagal Reflexes Saliva Viscosity	Volatile Anaesthetics	15-30	15-20 i.m	0.02 – 0.1 mg IM / IV	Overdose causes Convulsions.
Acepromazine	¯ other drugs dose		5-10	10-15	0.03 – 0.05 mg IM
Medetomidine	¯ other drugs dose		3-5	1-2	5 – 10 mg IM
Alfentanil			3-5	0.5-2	5 mg IV

Induction Agents used in Dogs for General Anaesthesia
Drug (Group Name)	Premedication	Dose / Kg	Induction (min)	Duration (min)	Side Effects
2.5% Thiopentone Na	Acepromazine	7 - 8 mg IV	0.5-1	15-30	¯ BR. Apnoea.
	Medetomidine	7 - 8 mg IV	0.5-1	10-20
	Alfentanil	3 – 5 mg IV	0.5-1	15-20
Propofol	Acepromazine	4 mg	1-2	10-20	EXPENSIVE
	Medetomidine	1 – 1.5 mg	1-2	10-15
	Alfentanil	3 – 4 mg	1-2	10-15
2% Thiamylal Na	Acepromazine	7 - 8 mg IV	1-2	10-15	EXPENSIVE
1 – 2 % Methohexitone Na	Alfentanil	2 - 3 mg IV / IM	1-2	30	Apnoea with high doses.
Ketamine	Atropine + Xylazine	5.5 mg IV	1-3	30	Convulsions

Maintenance Agents used in Dogs for General Anaesthesia
Drug	Indications	Induction Agent	Dose / Kg	Duration (min)	Side Effects
66% Nitrous Oxide	Low-Flow System	Thiopentone Na / Alfentanil	50-70% in oxygen		InadEquineuate Alone.
Enflurane	With Analgesics		1 – 1.5% in air		Dose Dependent ¯ BR. ¯ APB
Halothane	With NO2 / O2	Thiopentone	1 – 1.5% in air		Dose Dependent ¯ BR. ¯ APB
Isoflurane	Low Flow Systems	IV drugs	1.5 – 2%		Expensive. ¯ BR. ¯ APB
Methoxyflurane	With NO2 / O2	IV drugs	1.5 – 2%		Prolonged Recovery Period

A2 Adrenoreceptor Antagonists used in Dogs
Drug (Group Name)	Activity	Induction (min)	Duration (min)	Dose / Kg	Side Effects
Yohimbine	Vs Xylazine			0.1 mg IV
Atipamezole	Vs Medetomidine	5 min		0.5 mg IM	Over alertness. Avoid Skin Contact

- Feline anesthesia guideline

Analgesics used in Cats for Short Procedures
Drug (Group Name)	Activity	Induction (min)	Duration (min)	Dose / Kg	Side Effects
Pethidine	Analgesic	5	90	10 – 20 mg Pro Toto IM	Excitement in Healthy Animals
Morphine	Analgesic	3-5	120	0.1 – 0.15 mg IM
Butorphanol	Analgesic	5	360-480	0.05 – 0.1 mg IM
Acepromazine	Sedative	15-30	180-360	0.03 – 0.05 mg IM
Xylazine	Sedative-Hypnotic	2-5 i.v 10-15 i.m	30-60	1 – 3 mg IM	Vomiting & Retching. ABP. ¯ BR.
Medetomidine	Sedative-Hypnotic	10 - 15	60	80 mg IM	¯ HR. ¯ BR. Hypothermia.

Premedication used in Cats for General Anaesthesia
Drug (Group Name)	Activity	Indications	Time Pre Ind	Induction (min)	Dose / Kg	Side Effects
Acepromazine	Sedative	Saffan Use	5-10	15-20	0.03 – 0.05 mg IM
Promethazine	¯ Anaphylaxis	Saffan Use	30-60	10-20	2-4mg
Xylazine	¯ Other Drug Doses	Saffan / Barbiturates	1-2	10	1-2 mg IM
Atropine		Bradycardia	10-20	20	0.3 mg IM / SC	Interferes with Vision.
Diazepam	Muscle Relaxant		1-2	5-10	0.5 mg IM	Painful on injection
Midazolam	Muscle Relaxant	Ketamine Use	1-5	5-10	0.2 mg IM

Induction Agents used in Cats for General Anaesthesia
Drug (Group Name)	Premedication	Dose / Kg	Induction (min)	Duration (min)	Side Effects
1.25% Thiopentone Na		10 mg/kg IV	0.25-0.5	20-30
0.5 % Methohexitone Na	Acepromazine	5 mg/ kg	0.5	20-30	Excitement on Recovery.
Pentobarbitone Na		25 mg IV	0.5	120	¯ BR
12 mg/ml Saffan	Acepromazine	3 mg IV	0.5	Few mins	Twitching on recovery
Propofol	Acepromazine	6 – 7 mg IV	0.5-1	15-30
Ketamine	Midazolam	10 – 20 mg IM	3 – 5	30 - 50	Pain on IM / SC Injection. Muscle Tone. Eyes open. OD ® Apnoe.
Zolazepam - Tiletamine	Atropine	15 mg IV or IM	2 – 5	20 – 60

Maintenance Agents used in Cats for General Anaesthesia
Drug	Indications	Induction Agent	Dose / Kg	Duration (min)	Side Effects
1.25% Thiopentone Na		Thiopentone Na	< 20 mg/kg IV		Prolonged Recovery. Hypothermia.
Saffan		Xylazine	18 mg/kg IM	10 – 20
Propofol		Propofol	0.5 mg / kg / min	15-20	Retching, Sneezing on recovery.
Nitrous Oxide / O2 (3:2)	Volatile Agent Delivery	Saffan	50-70%
Ether	Safe, Slow Induction	Atropine - Saffan			12 – 24 hrs nausea. Explosive.
Halothane	Nonrebreathing System	Propofol	1-2%		Arrythmias treated with IPPV
Methoxyflurane	With NO2 / O2	Propofol	1-2%
Enflurane		Propofol	1-2%		Myotonia during recovery
Isoflurane	Cardiac Disease	Propofol	2-3%		EXPENSIVE

-References

1. Kurt A. Grimm، Leigh A. Lamont، Sheilah A. Robertson، Stephen A. Greene، William J. Tranquilli (2015). Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia

2. Daniel S. J. Pang، Gareth E. Zeiler (2024). Fundamental Principles of Veterinary Anesthesia

3. HuiChu Lin, Thomas Passler and Stuart Clark-Price (2022) Farm Animal Anesthesia: Cattle, Small Ruminants, Camelids, and Pigs, 2nd Edition

4. Janyce L. Cornick-Seahorn (2001). Veterinary Anesthesia The Practical Veterinarian

5. Lumb & Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia (William J. Tranquilli, John C. Thurmon, Kurt A. Grimm, 2007)

6. Small animal regional anesthesia and analgesia. (Luis Compoy) Wiley-Black Well. 2013

7. Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology (Donald E. Thrall, 2002)

8. Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Procedures Timothy B. Hackett, Elisa M. Mazzaferro,

9. In: Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs, and Goats (11th ed.), Elsevier, St Louis, MO (2017), pp. 501-523.

10. Trent AM. Surgery of the abomasum. In: Fubini SL, Ducharme NG, editors. Farm

a. animal surgery. St Louis (MO): Saunders; 2004. p. 196–239.

11. Surgical Diseases and Techniques of the Digit. Andre Desrochers, David E. Anderson, Guy St. Jean,Vet Clin Food Anim 24 (2008) 535–550. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.07.005.

12. 4- Mondal S, Karnam S.S, Baranwal A.K, Das P. Medial patellar desmotomy by blind method In large ruminants during upward Patellar fixation. Explor. Anim. Med. Res. 2013;3:183–185.

13. 5- Brooks, J.H. (2007) Intermittent Upward Fixation of Patella in the Horse: A Literature Review.

14. 6- Stashak, T.S. (2002) Upward Patellar Fixation. In: Adam’s Lameness in Horse, 5th Edition, Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, New York, 737-741.

15. 7- Maggie, P., Koontz, Z.D., Lynch, T.M., Hughes, F.E. and Slone, D.E. (2015) Outcome of Medial Patellar Ligament Desmoplasty for Treatment of Intermittent Upward Fixation of the Patella in 24 Horses (2005-2012). Canadian Veterinary Journal, 56, 193-195.

16. Lumb & Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia (William J. Tranquilli, John C. Thurmon, Kurt A. Grimm, 2007)

17. Small animal regional anesthesia and analgesia. (Luis Compoy) Wiley-Black Well. 2013

18. Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology (Donald E. Thrall, 2002)

19. Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Procedures Timothy

Site:	EHC \| Egyptian Health Council
Course:	General Veterinary Surgery Guidelines
Book:	Applied Anesthesia for different animals

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Date:	Wednesday, 6 May 2026, 12:53 AM

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"last update: 27 January 2025" Download Guideline

Table of contents

- Acknowledgement

- Abbreviations

- Glossary

- Scope

- Anesthetic recommendations for different animal species

Anesthetic recommendations for different animal species

Species

Procedure

Status Desired

Drugs Recommended (mg/Kg)

Horses

Cows

Ovine & Caprine

Pigs

Dogs

Cats

Rabbits

- Equine anesthesia guideline

Anaesthetics used in Equine for Standing Procedures

Drug (Group Name)

Activity

Induction (min)

Duration (min)

Dose / Kg

Side Effects

Premedication used in Equine for General Anaesthesia

Drug(Group Name)

Activity

Indications

ApplicationTime Pre Ind

Induction (min)

Dose / Kg

Side Effects

Induction Agents used in Equine for General Anaesthesia

Drug(Group Name)

Premedication

Dose / Kg

Induction (min)

Duration (min)

Side Effects

Maintenance Agents used in Equine for General Anaesthesia

Drug

Indications

Induction Agent

Dose /

Kg

Duration (min)

Side Effects

- Bovine anesthesia guideline

General Anaesthetics Used in Bovine for Standing Procedures

Drug (Group Name)

Activity

Induction (min)

Duration (min)

Dose / Kg

Side Effects

Premedication used in Bovine for General Anaesthesia

Drug(Group Name)

Activity

Indications

ApplicationTime Pre Ind

Induction (min)

Dose / Kg

Side Effects

Induction Agents used in Bovine for General Anaesthesia

Drug(Group Name)

Premedication

Dose / Kg

Induction (min)

Duration (min)

Side Effects

Maintenance Agents used in Bovine for General Anaesthesia

Drug

Indications

Induction Agent

Dose / Kg

Drug
(Group Name)

Application
Time Pre Ind

Induction
(min)

Drug
(Group Name)

Drug
(Group Name)

Application
Time Pre Ind

Induction
(min)

Drug
(Group Name)

Drug
(Group Name)

Drug
(Group Name)