Infertility in Cattle

Case

Diagnosis

Interference

A-   Congenital anomalies

1.  Unilateral Ovarian Aplasia

The genital tract is developed with the absence of one ovary

Discard the animal from the breeding

2.  Bilateral Ovarian Aplasia

The genital tract is underdeveloped

Steer-like appearance

Discard the animal from the breeding

3.  Ovarian Hypoplasia

The ovary is small, thin, firm in consistency, and difficult to be find during examination

Discard the animal from the breeding

4.  Hermaphroditism

two sex organs are present in one animal

Discard the animal from the breeding

5.  Freemartinism

the ovaries and the uterus are rudimentary and cannot be palpated.

Steer-like appearance

Discard the animal from the breeding

6.  Aplasia of fallopian tube

The uterus and ovary are normally present.

animal shows estrus.

Discard the animal from the breeding

7.  Occlusion of fallopian tube

The uterus and ovary are normally present.

animal shows estrus.

Cystic dilatation of the fallopian tube

Discard the animal from the breeding

8.  White    Heifer   Disease

- Absence of either the cranial part of the vagina, the cervix or the uterine body.

- presence of hymeneal constriction

-  Discard the animal from the breeding in the 1^st 2 classes.

- Surgical removal of hymeneal constriction in the 3^rd class

9.  False double cervix

a band of tissue caudal to the external os of the cervix. 

-  Surgical incision of the band

10. True double cervix

The band of tissue separating the two openings extend for a short way into the caudal part of the cervical canal.

Discard the animal from the breeding

11. Occlusion of the cervical canal

failure of canalization of the Mullerian ducts at the cervical region

Discard the animal from the breeding

B-    Pathological cases

1.  Oophoritis

Adhesion of the ovary with the ovarian bursa results in pressure atrophy on the ovary and anestrus.

Discard the animal from the breeding

2.  Para-ovarian cysts

Cystic dilatation of the remnants of the Wolffian ducts neighboring to the ovary round or oval in shape, does not interfere with the fertility

Surgical removal of the cyst

3.     Granulosa cell tumor

Large size structure with an irregular surface and fleshy texture on the surface of the ovary. The animal shows signs of nymphomania

Ovariectomy of the affected ovary

4.  Ovarian atrophy

The animal is sterile due to loss of ovarian activities

Discard the animal from the breeding

5.  Endosalpingitis

The animal becomes a repeat breeder

Systemic treatment with sexual rest may be effective

6.  Interstitial salpingitis

The fallopian tube is pencil-like, very hard, and palpated.

The animal becomes a repeat breeder

Discard the animal from the breeding

7.  Hydrosalpinx

FT is palpated

The animal becomes a repeat breeder

Discard the animal from the breeding

8.  Polysalpinx

FT is palpated

The animal becomes a repeat breeder

Discard the animal from the breeding

9.  Endometritis

- Heterogenous echogenicity of the uterus by ultrasonography.

- Enlarged uterus with thick wall and thick endometrium

- Pus accumulation in the uterus and the uterus becomes doughy in consistency.

- Animal my discharge pus

- Evacuation of the uterus from the pus using PGF2α.

- Pus Liquefaction using Sod. Bicarbonate 3%.

- Intrauterine antibiotic treatment.

- Sexual rest foe 2-3 cycles

10. Sclerotic metritis

The uterus is felt cartilaginous, very hard in texture or dense fibers, enlarged than normal size  

Discard the animal from the breeding

11. Peri- and parametritis

Adhesions between the uterus and broad ligaments

Treatment by antibiotics and sulfonamides may be useful

12. Abscess of the uterine wall

round oval tense structure in the wall of the uterus

Systemic antibiotic is good value in the early stage

13. Tumors of the uterus

Rectal palpation of the tumor

Discard the animal from the breeding

14. Cervicitis

- The cervix is edematous and swollen

- The cervical mucosa is red to dark purple.

- The animal becomes a repeat breeder

Treatment by antibiotics and sulfonamides may be useful

3- Hormonal Cases

1.  Cystic Ovarian Disease

- Presence of large cyst with thick or thin walls on one or both ovaries.

- Animal show nymphomania and or anestrum

Treatment with the cyst with GnRH followed by PGF2α.

2.  Adrenal virilism

Heifers show enlargement of the clitoris and underdeveloped sexual organs

Discard from the breeding

3.  Delayed Ovulation

Normal estrus with ovulation occurs 24 –72 hours after heat

- Apply a second insemination 72 h after heat.

- Inject LH 5000 IU.