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Management of Chronic Cough in Children

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"last update: 17 Feb  2025"                                                                                                         Download Guideline

- References

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4.  Gibson PG: Management of Cough. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019; 7(6): 1724–9. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text dmc.

5.  Chang AB, Oppenheimer JJ, and  Irwin RS. On behalf of the CHEST Expert Cough Panel. Managing Chronic Cough as a Symptom in Children and Management Algorithms CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Repor CHEST 2020; 158(1):303-329.

6. Song WJ, Chang YS, Faruqi S, Kim JY, Kang MG, Kim S, et al.,: The global epidemiology of chronic cough in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2015: 45(5): 1479-1481.

7.  Kwon JW, Moon JY, Kim SH, Song WJ, Kim MH, Kang MG, et al. Reliability and validity of a Korean version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2015;7:230-3. PUBMED | CROSSREF.

8.  Chang AB, Robertson CF, van Asperen PP, et al.: A multi-centre study on chronic cough in children: burden and etiologies based on a standardized management pathway. Chest. 2012;142(4):943-950.

9.  Hulme K, Dogan S, Parker SM, and Deary V: ‘Chronic cough, cause unknown’, a qualitative study of patient perspectives of chronic refractory cough. J Health Psychol 2017:1359105316684204. PUBMED | CROSSREF.

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11. Thach BT: Maturation and transformation of reflexes that protect the laryngeal airway from liquid aspiration from fetal to adult life.Am J Med. 2001;111(suppl 8A):69S-77S.

12. Weinberger M, and Fischer A: Differential diagnosis of chronic cough in children. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2014; 35(2): 95–103. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text.

13. Chung KF. Measurement of cough. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2006;152:329-39.

14. Nordin S, Palmquist E, Bende M, and Millqvist E: Normative data for the chemical sensitivity scale for sensory hyperreactivity: the Vasterbotten environmental health study. Int Arch Occup  Environ Health 2012.

15. Doan T, Patterson R, and Greenberger PA: Cough variant asthma: Usefulness of a diagnostic-therapeutic trial with prednisone. Ann Allergy. 1992; 69(6): 505–9. PubMed Abstract.

16. Bienvenu T, and Nguyen-Khoa T: Current and future diagnosis of cystic fibrosis: Performance and limitations. Arch Pediatr. 2020; 27(Suppl 1): eS19–eS24. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Faculty Opinions Recommendation.

17.  Bush A, Chodhari R, Collins N, et al.: Primary ciliary dyskinesia: Current state of the art. Arch Dis Child. 2007; 92(12): 1136–40. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text.

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19.  Chang AB, Bush A, and Grimwood K: Bronchiectasis in children: Diagnosis and treatment. Lancet. 2018; 392(10150): 866–79. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Faculty Opinions Recommendation.

20. Eg KP, Mirra V, Chang AB, et al.: Editorial: Chronic Suppurative Lung Disease and Bronchiectasis in Children and Adolescents. Front Pediatr. 2017; 5: 196. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text.

21.  Harnden A, Grant C, Harrison T, et al.: Whooping cough in school age children with persistent cough: prospective cohort study in primary care. BMJ. 2006; 333(7560): 174–7. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text | Faculty Opinions Recommendation.

22. Wallis C, Alexopoulou E, Antón-Pacheco JL, et al.: ERS statement on tracheomalacia and bronchomalacia in children. Eur Respir J. 2019; 54(3): 1900382. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Faculty Opinions Recommendation.

23.  Kantar A, Chang AB, Shields MD, Marchant JM, Grimwood K, Grigg J, Priftis et al.: ERS statement on protracted bacterial bronchitis in children. Eur Respir J 2017: 50(2).

24. Vertigan AE, Murad MH, Pringsheim T, et al.: Somatic Cough Syndrome (Previously Referred to as Psychogenic Cough) and Tic Cough (Previously Referred to as Habit Cough) in Adults and Children: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest. 2015; 148(1): 24–31. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text.

25. Weinberger M: The habit cough: Diagnosis and treatment. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2018; 53(5): 535–7. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text.

26. O'Hara J, and  Jones NS: "Post-nasal drip syndrome": Most patients with purulent nasal secretions do not complain of chronic cough. Rhinology. 2006; 44(4): 270–3. PubMed Abstract.

27. Irwin RS, Baumann MH, Bolser DC, Boulet LP, Braman SS, Brightling CE, et al.: Diagnosis and management of cough executive summary: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2006;129:1S-23S. PUBMED | CROSSRE.

28. Molloy S, Batchelor G, McCadden L, et al.: Cough and you'll miss it. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2019. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Faculty Opinions Recommendation.

29. von Vigier RO, Mozzettini S, Truttmann AC, et al.: Cough is common in children prescribed converting enzyme inhibitors.Nephron. 2000;84(1):98.

30.  Dubus JC, Mely L, Huiart L, et al.: Cough after inhalation ofcorticosteroids delivered from spacer devices in children with asthma. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2003;17(5):627-631.

31. Leibel S, Bloomberg G.: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder stimulant medication reaction masquerading as chronic cough. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2013;111(2):82-83.

32.   Modell v, Gee B, Lewis DB , Orange JS, Riofman CM et al .: Available at http://downloads.info4pi.org/ pdfs /Physician-Algorithm—2-pdf.

33.  Kahrilas PJ, Altman KW, Chang AB, et al.: Chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux in adults: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest. 2016;150(6):1341-1360.

34.  Smith FM Jr: Arnold's nerve reflex; a little known cause of cough in pediatric patients. J La State Med Soc. 1963; 115: 17–8. PubMed Abstract.

35.   Kastelik JA, Aziz I, Ojoo JC, Thompson RH, Redington AE, Morice AH.: Investigation and management of chronic cough using a probability-based algorithm. Eur Respir J 2005: 25(2): 235-243.

36.   Weinberger M, and Fischer A: Differential diagnosis of chronic cough in children. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2014; 35(2): 95–103. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text.

37.  de Blic J, Marchac V, and  Scheinmann P.: Complications of flexible bronchoscopy in children: prospective study of 1,328 procedures.Eur Respir J. 2002;20(5):1271-1276.

38.   French CT, Diekemper RL, Irwin RS, Adams TM, Altman KW, Barker AF, et al.,: Assessment of Intervention Fidelity and Recommendations for Researchers Conducting Studies on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Cough in the Adult: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest 2015: 148(1): 32-54.

39.  Hang AB, Oppenheimer JJ, Weinberger MM, Rubin BK, Weir K, Grant CC, et al.: Use of management pathways or algorithms in children with chronic cough: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2017;151:875-83. PUBMED | CROSSREF 39-acc49-92. American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice policy to protect children from tobacco, nicotine, and tobacco smoke. Pediatrics.2015;136(5):1008.

40.  Glashan E,and Mahmoud SH,(2019): Cough, Patient Assessment in Clinical Pharmacy pp 67-78, Springer Nature Switzerland AG 67, S. H. Mahmoud (ed.), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11775-7_5

41.  Chang AB, Oppenheimer JJ, Weinberger MM, Rubin BK, Weir K, Grant CC, et al.: Use of management pathways or algorithms in children with chronic cough: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2017;151:875-83. Korean PUBMED | CROSSREF.

42.  Gardiner SJ, Chang AB, Marchant JM, et al. Codeine versus placebo for chronic cough in children. CochraneDatabase Syst Rev 2016; 7: CD011914.

43. Abdel Baky A, Omar TEI, Amer YS; Egyptian Pediatric Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee (EPG). Adapting global evidence-based practice guidelines to the Egyptian healthcare context: the Egyptian Pediatric Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee (EPG) initiative. Bull Natl Res Cent. 2023;47(1):88. https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs42269-023-01059-0

44. Alshehri A, Almazrou S, Amer Y. Methodological frameworks for adapting global practice guidelines to national context in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2023 Jul 1;29(7). https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-29-2023/volume-29-issue-7/methodological-frameworks-for-adapting-global-practice-guidelines-to-national-context-in-the-eastern-mediterranean-region.html

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