Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

A comprehensive search for guidelines was undertaken to identify the most relevant guidelines to consider for adaptation. Inclusion/ exclusion criteria followed in the search and retrieval of guidelines to be adapted:

o   Selecting only evidence-based guidelines (guideline must include a report on systematic literature searches and explicit links between individual recommendations and their supporting evidence).

o   Selecting only national and/or international guidelines.

o   Specific range of dates for publication (using Guidelines published or updated in 2015 and later).

o   Selecting peer reviewed publications only.

o   Selecting guidelines written in English language.

o   Excluding guidelines written by a single author, not on behalf of an organization to be valid and comprehensive, a guideline ideally requires multidisciplinary input.

o   Excluding guidelines published without references as the panel needs to know whether a thorough literature review was conducted and whether current evidence was used in the preparation of the recommendations.

The following characteristics of the retrieved guidelines were summarized in:

o   Developing organization/authors

o   Date of publication, posting, and release

o   Country/language of publication

o   Date of posting and/or release

o   Dates of the search used by the source guideline developers

All retrieved Guidelines were screened and appraised using AGREE II instrument (www.agreetrust.org) by at least three members. The panel decided on a cut-off point or ranked the guidelines (any guideline scoring above 50% on the rigor dimension was retained).

This guideline is adapted from, (KDIGO) Kidney Disease Initiative Global Outcomes Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI). Guidelines for Management of anemia in CKD, Renal Association Clinical Practice Guideline on Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease, Nice Guideline, Egyptian Society of Nephrology and Transplantation Guidelines for hemodialysis.

➡️ Evidence assessment

According to WHO handbook for Guidelines we used the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach to assess the quality of a body of evidence, develop and report recommendations.

GRADE methods are used by WHO because these represent internationally agreed standards for making transparent recommendations.

Detailed information on GRADE is available on the following sites:

-  GRADE working group: https://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/

-    GRADE online training modules: http://cebgrade.mcmaster.ca/

Table 1 Quality and Significance of the four levels of evidence in GRADE:

Table 2 Factors that determine How to upgrade or downgrade the quality of evidence

The strength of the recommendation

The strength of a recommendation communicates the importance of adherence to the recommendation as below:

1- Strong recommendations

With strong recommendations, the guideline communicates the message adherence to the recommendation that the desirable effects of adherence to the recommendation outweigh the undesirable effects. This means that in most situations the recommendation can be adopted as policy.

2.  Conditional recommendations

These are made when there is greater uncertainty about the four factors above or if local adaptation has or if local adaptation has to account for a greater variety in values and preference, or when resource use makes the intervention suitable for some but not for other locations. This means that there is a need for substantial debate and involvement of stakeholders before this recommendation can be adopted as policy.

3.When not to make recommendations

When there is lack of evidence on the effectiveness of an intervention, it may be appropriate not to make a recommendation