Book
Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
- References
1) Nutritional anemias. Report of a WHO scientific group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1968; 405:5-37.
2) Farrington DK, Sang Y, Grams ME, et al. Anemia Prevalence, Type, and Associated Risks in a Cohort of 5.0 Million Insured Patients in the United States by Level of Kidney Function. Am J Kidney Dis 2023; 81: 201-209
3) Wong MMY, Tu C, Li Y, et al. Anemia and iron deficiency among chronic kidney disease Stages 3-5ND patients in the Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study: often unmeasured, variably treated. Clin Kidney J 2020; 13: 613-624e201
4) Awan AA, Walther CP, Richardson PA, et al. Prevalence, correlates and outcomes of absolute and functional iron deficiency anemia in nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 36: 129-136.
5) Minutolo R, Locatelli F, Gallieni M, et al. Anemia management in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients: a multicentre prospective study in renal clinics. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28: 3035-3045
6) United States Renal Data System. 2017 USRDS Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: Bethesda, MD, 2017. 29.
7) Babitt JL, Lin HY. Mechanisms of anemia in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23: 1631-1634.
8) Schechter A, Gafter-Gvili A, Shepshelovich D, et al. Post renal transplant anemia: severity, causes and their association with graft and patient survival. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:51.
9) Koury MJ, Haase VH. Anemia in kidney disease: harnessing hypoxia responses for therapy. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11: 394-410.
10) Guedes M, Muenz DG, Zee J, et al. Serum Biomarkers of Iron Stores Are Associated with Increased Risk of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events in Nondialysis CKD Patients, with or without Anemia. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32: 2020-2030.
11) Cho ME, Hansen JL, Peters CB, et al. An increased mortality risk is associated with abnormal iron status in diabetic and non-diabetic Veterans with predialysis chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2019; 96: 750-760.
12) Eisenga MF, Nolte IM, van der Meer P, et al. Association of different iron deficiency cutoffs with adverse outcomes in chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol 2018; 19: 225.
13) Kang SH, Kim BY, Son EJ, et al. Association between Iron Status and Survival in Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis. Nutrients 2023; 15: 2577.
14) KDOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for Anemia in chronic kidney disease. Section III. Clinical practice recommendations for anemia in chronic kidney disease in children. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47: S86–108.
15) Ashraf Mikhail, Christopher Brown, Jennifer Ann Williams et al, Renal association clinical practice guideline on Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease BMJ Nephrology volume 18, Article number: 345 (2017).
16) KDIGO 2025 CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE for anemia in chronic kidney disease (ckd) public review DRAFT NOVEMBER 2024.
17) Movilli E, Pertica N, Camerini C et al. Pre dialysis versus post dialysis hematocrit evaluation during erythropoietin therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39:850-853.
18) Cheng CK, Chan J, Cembrowski GS, van Assendelft OW. Complete blood count reference interval diagrams derived from NHANES III: stratification by age, sex, and race Lab Hematol 2004; 10: 42-53
19) Thomas MC, MacIsaac RJ, Tsalamandris C et al. Unrecognized anemia in patients with diabetes: A cross- sectional survey. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:1164-1169.
20) Thomas MC, MacIsaac RJ, Tsalamandris C, et al. The burden of anemia in type 2 diabetes and the role of nephropathy: a cross-sectional audit. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004; 19:1792–7.
21) El-Achkar TM, Ohmit SE, McCullough PA et al. Higher prevalence of anemia with diabetes mellitus in moderate kidney insufficiency: The Kidney Early Evaluation program. Kidney Int 2005; 67:1483-1488.
22) National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Practice Recommendations for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. Section III. Clinical practice recommendations for anemia in chronic kidney disease in children. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 47: S86–108.
23) Fishbane S, Shapiro W, Dutka P et al. A randomized trial of iron deficiency testing strategies in hemodialysis patients. Kidney International. 2001; 60(6):2406-2411.
24) National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions, Royal College of Physicians. Guideline on anemia management in chronic kidney disease. 2015. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Available on. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG8/evidence, (accessed 11/01/2017)
25) Chen YC, Hung SC, Tarng DC. Association between transferrin receptor-ferritin index and conventional measures of iron responsiveness in hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2006; 47(6):1036-1044.
26) Macdougall IC, Bock AH, Carrera F, et al. FIND-CKD: a randomized trial of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose versus oral iron in patients with chronic kidney disease and iron deficiency anemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29: 2075-2084.
27) Fishbane S, Shapiro W, Dutka P, et al. A randomized trial of iron deficiency testing strategies in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2001;60(6):2406–4211.
28) Coyne DW, Kapoian T, Suki W et al. DRIVE Study Group. Ferric gluconate is highly efficacious in anemic hemodialysis patients with high serum ferritin and low transferrin saturation: results of the Dialysis Patients‘ Response to IV Iron with Elevated Ferritin (DRIVE) Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:975-984.
29) Macdougall I.C, White C, Anker S et al. intravenous iron in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jan 3 1;380 (5):447-458.
30) Auerbach M, Macdougall I. The available intravenous iron formulations: History, efficacy, and toxicology. Hemodial Int 2017; 21 Suppl 1: S83-S92.
31) Li X, Cole SR, Kshirsagar AV, et al. Safety of Dynamic Intravenous Iron Administration Strategies in Hemodialysis Patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 14: 728-737.
32) National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions, Royal College of Physicians. Guideline on anemia management in chronic kidney disease. 2015. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG8/evidence. (accessed 15/06/2017).
33) Locatelli F, Aljama P, Barany P et al. Revised European Best Practice Guidelines for the management of anemia in patients with chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19 Suppl 2:1-47.
34) Richardson CL, Delehanty LL, Bullock GC, et al. Isocitrate ameliorates anemia by suppressing the erythroid iron restriction response. J Clin Invest 2013; 123: 3614-3623.
35) Li H, Wang SX. [Intravenous iron sucrose in maintenance dialysis patients with renal anemia: a clinical anemia: a clinical study]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2009; 89: 457-462.
36) Macdougall IC, Tucker B, Thompson J, et al. A randomized controlled study of iron supplementation in patients treated with erythropoietin. Kidney Int 1996; 50: 1694-1699.
37) Stoves J, Inglis H, Newstead CG. A randomized study of oral vs. intravenous iron supplementation in patients with progressive renal insufficiency treated with erythropoietin. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant 2001;16: 967-974.
38) Charytan C, Qunibi W, Bailie GR. Comparison of intravenous iron sucrose to oral iron in the treatment of anemic patients with chronic kidney disease not on dialysis. Nephron Clin.Pract2005; 100: c55-c62.
39) Vinke JSJ, Gorter AR, Eisenga MF, et al. Iron deficiency is related to lower muscle mass in community-dwelling individuals and impairs myoblast proliferation. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14: 1865-1879.
40) Hoes MF, Grote Beverborg N, Kijlstra JD, et al. Iron deficiency impairs contractility of human cardiomyocytes through decreased mitochondrial function. Eur J Heart Fail2018; 20: 910-919.
41) Spinowitz B, Pecoits-Filho R, Winkelmayer WC, et al. Economic and quality of life burden of anemia on patients with CKD on dialysis: a systematic review. J Med Econ2019; 22: 593-604.
42) Kremer D, Knobbe TJ, Vinke JSJ, et al. Iron deficiency, anemia, and patient-reported outcomes in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2024; S1600-6135: 00213-00212
43) Jankowska EA, Rozentryt P, Witkowska A, et al. Iron deficiency predicts impaired exercise capacity in patients with systolic chronic heart failure. J Card Fail 2011; 17: 899-906.
44) Okonko DO, Grzeslo A, Witkowski T, et al. Effect of intravenous iron sucrose on exercise tolerance in anemic and nonanemic patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure and iron deficiency FERRIC-HF: a randomized, controlled, observer-blinded trial.J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 103-112.
45) Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 2016; 18: 891-975.
46) Novey HS, Pahl M, Haydik I et al. Immunologic studies of anaphylaxis to iron dextran in patients on renal dialysis. Ann Allergy 1994; 72:224-228.
47) Agarwal R, Vasavada N, Sachs NG et al. Oxidative stress and renal injury with intravenous iron in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2004; 65:2279- 2289.
48) MHRA Drug Safety Update (2013) Intravenous iron and serious hypersensitivity reactions: strengthened recommendations https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/intravenous-iron-and-serious hypersensitivity- reactions-strengthened-recommendations (accessed 15/06/2017)
49) Rampton D, Folkersen J, Fishbane S et al. Hypersensitivity reactions to intravenous iron: guidance for risk minimization and management. Haematologica. 2014 Nov;99(11):1671-6.
50) Akizawa T, Nangaku M, Yamaguchi T, et al. Enarodustat, Conversion and Maintenance Therapy for Anemia in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase2b Trial Followed by Long-Term Trial. Nephron 2019; 143: 77-85
51) Nangaku M, Farag YMK, deGoma E, et al. Vadadustat, an oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, for treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease: two randomized Phase 2 trials in Japanese patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020.
52) Besarab A, Provenzano R, Hertel J, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled dose-ranging and pharmacodynamics study of roxadustat (FG-4592) to treat anemia in nondialysis dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD) patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 30: 1665-1673. 203.
53) Shutov E, Sulowicz W, Esposito C, et al. Roxadustat for the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease patients not on dialysis: a Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (ALPS). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 36: 1629-1639.
54) Singh AK, Carroll K, McMurray JJV, et al. Daprodustat for the Treatment of Anemia in Patients Not Undergoing Dialysis. N Engl J Med 2021; 385: 2313-2324.
55) Chertow GM, Pergola PE, Farag YMK, et al. Vadadustat in Patients with Anemia and Non-Dialysis-Dependent CKD. N Engl J Med 2021; 384: 1589-1600.
56) Cunningham JW, Claggett BL, Lopes RD, et al. Daprodustat and Heart Failure in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35: 607-617.
57) Akizawa T, Iwasaki M, Yamaguchi Y, et al. Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Comparator (Darbepoetin Alfa) Study of Oral Roxadustat in CKD Patients with Anemia on Hemodialysis in Japan. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31: 1628-1639.
58) Singh AK, Cizman B, Carroll K, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Daprodustat for Treatment of Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease in Incident Dialysis Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med 2022; 182: 592-602
59) Association between recombinant human erythropoietin and quality of life and exercise capacity of patients receiving haemodialysis. Canadian Erythropoietin Study Group. BMJ 1990; 300: 573-578.
60) Laupacis A. Changes in quality of life and functional capacity in hemodialysis patients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin. The Canadian Erythropoietin Study Group. Semin Nephrol 1990; 10: 11-19.
61) Gilbertson DT, Monda KL, Bradbury BD, et al. RBC transfusions among hemodialysis patients (1999-2010): influence of hemoglobin concentrations below 10 g/dL. Am J Kidney Dis 2013; 62: 919-928
62) Besarab A, Bolton WK, Browne JK, et al. The effects of normal as compared with low hematocrit values in patients with cardiac disease who are receiving hemodialysis and epoetin. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 584-590.
63) Drueke TB, Locatelli F, Clyne N, et al. Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 2071-2084.
64) Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL, et al. Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 2085-2098
65) Pfeffer MA, Burdmann EA, Chen CY, et al. A trial of darbepoetin alfa in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 2019-2032.
66) Lewis EF, Pfeffer MA, Feng A, et al. Darbepoetin alfa impact on health status in diabetes patients with kidney disease: a randomized trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 6: 845-855
67) Locatelli F, Bárány P, Covic A, et al. kidney disease: improving global outcomes guidelines on anemia management in chronic kidney disease: a European renal best practice position statement. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28(6):1346–135
68) Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency: Recombinant human erythropoietins: new advice for prescribing. https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/recombinant-human- erythropoietins-new- advice-for-prescribing (accessed 15/06/2017).
69) Palmer SC, Navaneethan SD, Craig JC, et al. Meta-analysis: erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in patients with chronic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Jul 6;153(1):23-33
70) Rizzo JD, Brouwers M, Hurley P, et al; American Society of Hematology and the American Society of Clinical Oncology Practice Guideline Update Committee on the use of epoetin and darbepoetin in adult patients with cancer. Blood. 2010 Nov 18;116(20):4045-59. cancer.
71) Bohlius J, Bohlke K, Castelli R, et al. Management of Cancer-Associated Anemia with Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents: ASCO/ASH Clinical Practice Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37: 1336-1351
72) National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions, Royal College of Physicians. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (epoetin and darbepoetin) for treating anemia in people with cancer having chemotherapy. 2014. National Institute for Clinical Excellence https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta323/resources/erythropoiesisstimulating-agents-epoetin-and- darbepoetin-for-treating-anaemia-in-people-with-cancer-having-chemotherapy-including-review-of-ta142- 82602485230021 (accessed 15/06/2017)
73) National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions, Royal College of Physicians. Guideline on anemia management in chronic kidney disease. 2015. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG8/evidence (accessed 15/06/2017)
74) Eschbach JW, Abdulhadi MH, Browne JK, et al. Recombinant human erythropoietin in anemic patients with end-stage renal disease. Results of a phase III multicenter clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Dec15;111(12):992-1000-.
75) F, Olivares J, Walker R, et al; European/ Australian NESP 980202 Study Group. Novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein for treatment of anemia in chronic renal insufficiency. Kidney Int. 2001 Aug;60(2):741-7.
76) Nissenson AR, Wade S, Goodnough T, et al. Economic burden of anemia in an insured population. J Manag Care Pharm 2005; 11: 565-574.
77) Fishbane S, Berns JS: Hemoglobin cycling in hemodialysis patients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin. Kidney Int 2005; 68:1337-1343.
78) Locatelli F, Olivares J, Walker R, et al; European/ Australian NESP 980202 Study Group. Novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein for treatment of anemia in chronic renal insufficiency. Kidney Int. 2001 Aug;60(2):741-747.
79) Sibbel SP, Koro CE, Brunelli SM, et al. Characterization of chronic and acute ESA hyporesponse: a retrospective cohort study of hemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrol 2015;16: 144.
80) Goodkin DA, Zhao J, Cases A, et al. Resistance to Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents among Patients on Hemodialysis Is Typically Transient. Am J Nephrol 2022; 53: 333-342.
81) Raichoudhury R, Spinowitz BS. Treatment of anemia in difficult-to-manage patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl (2011) 2021; 11: 26-34
82) Panichi V, Rosati A, Bigazzi R, et al. Anemia and resistance to erythropoiesis stimulating agents as prognostic factors in hemodialysis patients: results from the RISCAVID study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26: 2641-2648.
83) Petruliene K, Ziginskiene E, Kuzminskis V, et al. Hepcidin serum levels and resistance to recombinant human erythropoietin therapy in hemodialysis patients. Medicina (Kaunas) 2017; 53: 90-100.
84) Gillespie IA, Macdougall IC, Richards S, et al. Factors precipitating erythropoiesis stimulating agent responsiveness in a European hemodialysis cohort: case-crossover study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2015; 24: 414-426.
85) Bradbury BD, Danese MD, Gleeson M, et al. Effect of Epoetin alfa dose changes on hemoglobin and mortality in hemodialysis patients with hemoglobin levels persistently below 11 g/dL. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4: 630-637.
86) Szczech LA, Barnhart HX, Inrig JK, et al. Secondary analysis of the CHOIR trial epoetin-alpha dose and achieved hemoglobin outcomes. Kidney Int 2008; 74: 791-798.
87) Zhang Y, Thamer M, Stefanik K, et al. Epoetin requirements predict mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 44: 866-876.
88) Ku E, Del Vecchio L, Eckardt KU, et al. Novel anemia therapies in chronic kidney disease: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney Int 2023; 104: 655-680.
89) Cizman B, Sykes AP, Paul G, et al. An Exploratory Study of Daprodustat in Erythropoietin-Hyporesponsive Subjects. Kidney Int Rep 2018; 3: 841-850.
90) Dai S, Chen Y, Hao C, et al. Addition of roxadustat to erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) effectively corrects ESA-hyporesponsive anemia in patients on peritoneal dialysis. J Clin Pharm Ther 2022; 47: 1525-1530.
91) Zhou Y, Chen XX, Zhang YF, et al. Roxadustat for dialysis patients with erythropoietin hypo-responsiveness: a single-center, prospective investigation. Intern Emerg Med 2021; 16: 2193-2199.
92) Cournoyer D, Toffelmire EB, Wells GA, et al. Anti-erythropoietin antibody-mediated pure red cell aplasia after treatment after treatment with recombinant erythropoietin products: recommendations for minimization of risk. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004:2728.
93) Nangaku M, Kondo K, Kokado Y, et al. Phase 3 Randomized Study Comparing Vadadustat with Darbepoetin Alfa for Anemia in Japanese Patients with Nondialysis Dependent CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32: 1779-1790
94) Ku E, Del Vecchio L, Eckardt KU, et al. Novel anemia therapies in chronic kidney disease: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney Int 2023; 104: 655-680.
95) Opelz G, Vanrenterghem Y, Kirste G, et al. Prospective evaluation of pretransplant blood transfusions in cadaver kidney recipients. Transplantation 1997; 63: 964-967
96) Vanrenterghem Y, Waer M, Roels L, et al. A prospective, randomized trial of pretransplant blood transfusions in cadaver kidney transplant candidates. Leuven Collaborative Group for Transplantation. Transpl Int 1994; 7 Suppl 1: S243-246
97) United States Renal Data System. 2010 Annual Data Report: Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease & End-Stage Renal Renal Disease in the United States. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 2010
98) Opelz G, Graver B, Mickey MR, et al. Lymphocytotoxic antibody responses to transfusions in potential kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 1981; 32: 177-183.
99) Reed A, Pirsch J, Armbrust MJ, et al. Multivariate analysis of donor-specific versus random transfusion protocols in haploidentical living-related transplants. Transplantation1991; 51: 382-384
100) Christiaans MH, van Hooff JP, Nieman F, et al. HLA-DR matched transfusions: development of donor-specific T- and B-cell antibodies and renal allograft outcome. Transplantation 1999; 67: 1029-1035
101) Cecka JM, Cicciarelli J, Mickey MR, et al. Blood transfusions and HLA matching—an either/or situation in cadaveric renal transplantation. Transplantation 1988; 45: 81-86
102) Pfaff WW, Howard RJ, Scornik JC, et al. Incidental and purposeful random donor blood transfusion. Sensitization and transplantation. Transplantation 1989; 47: 130-133
103) Sanfilippo FP, Bollinger RR, MacQueen JM, et al. A randomized study comparing leukocyte-depleted versus packed red cell transfusions in prospective cadaver renal allograft recipients. Transfusion 1985; 25: 116-119
104)Scornik JC, Bromberg JS, Norman DJ, et al. An update on the impact of pre-transplant transfusions and allosensitization on time to renal transplant and on allograft survival. BMC Nephrol 2013; 14: 217
105)Karpinski M, Pochinco D, Dembinski I, et al. Leukocyte reduction of red blood cell transfusions does not decrease allosensitization rates in potential kidney transplant candidates. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 818-824.
106)Sanfilippo FP, Bollinger RR, MacQueen JM, et al. A randomized study comparing leukocyte-depleted versus packed red cell transfusions in prospective cadaver renal allograft recipients. Transfusion 1985; 25: 116-119l
107) Carson JL, Triulzi DJ, Ness PM. Indications for and Adverse Effects of Red-Cell Transfusion. N Engl J Med 2017; 377: 1261-1272
108) Brenner N, Kommalapati A, Ahsan M, et al. red cell transfusion in chronic kidney disease in the United States in the current era of erythropoiesis stimulating agents. J Nephrol 2020; 33: 267-275.
109)Unites States Renal Data System. 2023 USRDS Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 2023.
110) Carson JL, Stanworth SJ, Dennis JA, et al. Transfusion thresholds for guiding red blood cell transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 12: CD002042
111)Carson JL, Terrin ML, Noveck H, et al. Liberal or restrictive transfusion in high-risk patients after hip surgery.N ENGL J MED 2011;356:2435-2462
112)Whitman CB, Shreay S, Gitlin M, et al. Clinical factors and the decision to transfuse chronic dialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 8: 1942-1951.
113) National Kidney Foundation clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for anemia in chronic kidney disease in adults. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47(5 Suppl 3): S1–S146
114)National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Blood transfusion https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng24/resources/blood-transfusion-1837331897029 (accessed15/06/2017
115)Bello AK, Ribic CM, Cournoyer SH, et al. Transfusion Management of Incident Dialysis patients in Canada: A Prospective Observational Study. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2018; 5: 2054358118778564
116)European Medicines Agency. (2024). Evrenzo (roflumilast) summary of product characteristics. Retrieved from https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/productinformation/evrenzo-epar-product-information_en.pdf
117) Kraus A, Peters DJM, Klanke B, et al. HIF-1alpha promotes cyst progression in HIF-1alpha promotes cyst progression in a mouse model of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2018; 94: 887-899.
118)Barben M, Samardzija M, Grimm C. The Role of Hypoxia, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF), and VEGF in Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation. Adv Exp Med Biol 2018; 1074:177-183.
119) Cowburn AS, Crosby A, Macias D, et al. HIF2alpha-arginase axis is essential for the development of pulmonary hypertension. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2016; 113:8801-8806
