Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS): Diagnosis and Management

(1) Egyptian Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics: EGYPT FAMILY HEALTH SURVEY REPORT  2021.

(2) Saad El Gelany, Mohammed H. Mosbeh, Emad M. Ibrahim et al., Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS) disorders: incidence, risk factors and outcomes of different management strategies in a tertiary referral hospital in Minia, Egypt: a prospective study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2019) 19:313

(3) Salah Roshdy Ahmed, Abdusaeed Aitallah, Hazem M. Abdelghafar, Mohamed Alkhatim Alsammani. Major Placenta Previa: Rate, Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes Experience at a Tertiary Maternity Hospital, Sohag, Egypt: A Prospective Study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2015 Nov, Vol-9(11): QC17-QC19

(4) Eric Jauniaux , Lene Grønbeck, Catey Bunce , Jens Langhoff-Roos, Sally L Collins. Epidemiology of placenta previa accreta: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ  2019;9:e031193. doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2019-031193

(5) FIGO Placenta Accreta Diagnosis and Management Expert Consensus Panel. FIGO consensus guidelines on placenta accreta spectrum disorders: series of articles. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2018 Mar;140(3):261-298

(6) Jauniaux E, Alfirevic Z, Bhide AG, etal. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Placenta Praevia and Placenta Accreta: Diagnosis and Management: Green-top Guideline No. 27a. BJOG. 2019 Jan;126(1): e1-e48

(7) American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Obstetric Care Consensus No. 7: Placenta Accreta Spectrum. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Dec;132(6):e259-e275

(8) Hobson SR, Kingdom JC, Murji A, et al. SOGC Clinical Practice Guideline. No. 383-Screening, Diagnosis, and Management of Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorders. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2019 Jul;41(7):1035-1049

(9) Clinical Guideline Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS) (C-Obs 20), Women’s Health Committee and associated working groups, RANZCOG Council and Board.

(10) Wu S, Kocherginsky M, Hibbard JU. Abnormal placentation: twenty-year analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192: 1458–61.

(11) Silver RM, Landon MB, Rouse DJ, Leveno KJ, Spong CY, Thom EA, et al.; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107: 1226–32.

(12) Fitzpatrick KE, Sellers S, Spark P, Kurinczuk JJ, Brocklehurst P, Knight M. Incidence and risk factors for placenta accreta/increta/percreta in the UK: a national case-control study. PLoS One 2012; 7: e52893.

(13) Soro MP, Denys A, de Rham M, Baud D. Short and long term adverse outcomes after arterial embolisation for the treatment of postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review. Eur Radiol 2017; 27: 749–62.

(14) Eshkoli T, Weintraub AY, Sergienko R, Sheiner E. Placenta accreta: risk factors, perinatal outcomes, and consequences for subsequent births. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 208: 219.e1–7.

(15) Farquhar CM, Li Z, Lensen S, McLintock C, Pollock W, Peek MJ, et al. Incidence, risk factors and perinatal outcomes for placenta accreta in Australia and New Zealand: a case-control study. BMJ Open 2017; 7: e017713.

(16) Marshall NE, Fu R, Guise JM. Impact of multiple cesarean deliveries on maternal morbidity: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205: 262.e1–8.

(17) Klar M, Michels KB. Cesarean section and placental disorders in subsequent pregnancies–a meta-analysis. J Perinat Med 2014; 42: 571–83.

(18) Balayla J, Bondarenko HD. Placenta accreta and the risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. J Perinat Med 2013; 41: 141–9.

(19) Thurn L, Lindqvist PG, Jakobsson M, Colmorn LB, Klungsoyr K, Bjarnadóttir RI, et al. Abnormally invasive placenta-prevalence, risk factors and antenatal suspicion: results from a large population-based pregnancy cohort study in the Nordic countries. BJOG 2016; 123: 1348–55.

(20) Kaser DJ, Melamed A, Bormann CL, Myers DE, Missmer SA, Walsh BW, et al. Cryopreserved embryo transfer is an independent risk factor for placenta accreta. Fertil Steril 2015; 103: 1176–84 e2.

(21) Luke RK, Sharpe JW, Greene RR. Placenta accreta: the adherent or invasive placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1966; 95: 660–8.

(22) H Fox, NJ Sebire, editors. Pathology of the Placenta. 3rd edition. Philadelphia: Saunders-Elsevier; 2007.

(23) Jauniaux E, Jurkovic D. Placenta accreta: pathogenesis of a 20th century iatrogenic uterine disease. Placenta 2012; 33: 244–51. 

(24) Ben Nagi J, Ofili-Yebovi D, Marsh M, Jurkovic D. First-trimester cesarean scar pregnancy evolving into placenta previa/accreta at term. J Ultrasound Med 2005; 24: 1569–73.

(25) Jurkovic D, Knez J, Appiah A, Farahani L, Mavrelos D, Ross JA. Surgical treatment of Caesarean scar pregnancy: efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided suction curettage. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016; 47: 511–7.

(26) Cali G, Forlani F, Timor-Tritsch IE, Palacios-Jaraquemada J, Minneci G, D'Antonio F. Natural history of Caesarean scar pregnancy on prenatal ultrasound: the crossover sign. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017; 50: 100–4.

(27) Shamshirsaz AA, Fox KA, Salmanian B, Diaz-Arrastia CR, Lee W, Baker BW, et al. Maternal morbidity in patients with morbidly adherent placenta treated with and without a standardized multidisciplinary approach. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 212: 218.e1-9

(28) Shamshirsaz AA, Fox KA, Erfani H, Clark SL, Salmanian B, Baker BW, et al. Multidisciplinary team learning in the management of the morbidly adherent placenta: outcome improvements over time. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 216: 612.e1–e5.

(29) Silver RM, Fox KA, Barton JR, Abuhamad AZ, Simhan H, Huls CK, et al. Center of excellence for placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 212: 561–8.

(30) Smulian JC, Pascual AL, Hesham H, Qureshey E, Bijoy Thomas M, Depuy AM, et al. Invasive placental disease: the impact of a multi-disciplinary team approach to management. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 30: 1423–7.

(31) Silver RM. Abnormal placentation: Placenta previa, vasa previa and placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 126: 654–68.

 

(32) Wright JD, Pri-Paz S, Herzog TJ, Shah M, Bonanno C, Lewin SN, et al. Predictors of massive blood loss in women with placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205: 38.e1–6

(33) Tikkanen M, Paavonen J, Loukovaara M, Stefanovic V. Antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta leads to reduced blood loss. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011; 90: 1140–6.

(34) Bowman ZS, Manuck TA, Eller AG, Simons M, Silver RM. Risk factors for unscheduled delivery in patients with placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 210: 241.e1–6.

(35) Collins SL, Ashcroft A, Braun T, Calda P, Langhoff-Ross J, Morel O, et al.; European Working Group on Abnormally Invasive Placenta (EW-AIP). Proposal for standardized ultrasound descriptors of abnormally invasive placenta (AIP). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;47:271–5.

(36) Alfirevic Z, Tang AW, Collins SL, Robson SC, Palacios-Jaraquemada J; Ad-hoc International AIP Expert Group. Pro forma for ultrasound reporting in suspected abnormally invasive placenta (AIP): an international consensus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;47: 276–8.

(37) D’Antonio F, Iacovella C, Bhide A. Prenatal identification of invasive placentation using ultrasound: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013; 42: 509–17.

(38) Jauniaux E, Collins SL, Jurkovic D, Burton GJ. Accreta placentation: a systematic review of prenatal ultrasound imaging and grading of villous invasiveness. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016;215:712–21. 17.

(39) Jauniaux E, Collins S, Burton GJ. Placenta accreta spectrum: pathophysiology and evidence-based anatomy for prenatal ultrasound imaging. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018;218:75–87.

(40) Calı G, Giambanco L, Puccio G, Forlani F. Morbidly adherent placenta: evaluation of ultrasound diagnostic criteria and differentiation of placenta accreta from percreta. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;41:406–12.

(41) Jauniaux E, Bhide A. Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis and outcome of placenta previa accreta after cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;217:27–36.

(42) Palacios-Jaraquemada JM, Bruno CH, Martín E. MRI in the diagnosis and surgical management of abnormal placentation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92: 392–7.

(43) Meng X, Xie L, Song W. Comparing the diagnostic value of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging for placenta accreta: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Med Biol 2013; 39: 1958–65.

(44) D'Antonio F, Iacovella C, Palacios-Jaraquemada J, Bruno CH, Manzoli L, Bhide A. Prenatal identification of invasive placentation using magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014; 44: 8–16.

(45) Millischer AE, Salomon LJ, Porcher R, Brasseur-Daudruy M, Gourdier AL, Hornoy P, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for abnormally invasive placenta: the added value of intravenous gadolinium injection. BJOG 2017; 124: 88–95.

(46) Hornemann A, Bohlmann MK, Diedrich K, Kavallaris A, Kehl S, Kelling K, et al. Spontaneous uterine rupture at the 21st week of gestation caused by placenta percreta. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284: 875–8.

(47) Sun JN, Zhang BL, Yu HY, Zhang Q. Spontaneous uterine rupture due to placenta percreta during pregnancy. Am J Emerg Med 2016; 34: 1918.e1-3.

(48) Abbas F, Talati J, Wasti S, Akram S, Ghaffar S, Qureshi R. Placenta percreta with bladder invasion as a cause of life threatening hemorrhage. J Urol 2000; 164: 1270–4.

(49) Brown JV 3rd, Epstein HD, Laflamme LA, Goldstein BH. First-trimester placenta percreta with urinary bladder invasion. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2016; 132: 102–3

(50) Bowman ZS, Manuck TA, Eller AG, Simons M, Silver RM. Risk factors for unscheduled delivery in patients with placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 210: 241.e1–6.

(51) Silver RM, Fox KA, Barton JR, Abuhamad AZ, Simhan H, Huls CK, et al. Center of excellence for placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;212:561–8.

(52) Smulian JC, Pascual AL, Hesham H, Qureshey E, Bijoy Thomas M, Depuy AM, et al. Invasive placental disease: the impact of a multi-disciplinary team approach to management. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 30: 1423–7.

(53) Eller AG, Bennett MA, Sharshiner M, Masheter C, Soisson AP, Dodson M, et al. Maternal morbidity in cases of placenta accreta managed by a multidisciplinary care team compared with standard obstetric care. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117: 331–7.

(54) Al-Khan A, Gupta V, Illsley NP, Mannion C, Koenig C, Bogomol A, et al. Maternal and fetal outcomes in placenta accreta after institution of team-managed care. Reprod Sci 2014; 21: 761–71.

(55) Publications Committee, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Belfort MA. Placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203: 430–9.

(56) Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee opinion no. 529: placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 2012; 120: 207–11.

(57) Belfort MA. Indicated preterm birth for placenta accreta. Semin Perinatol 2011; 35: 252–6.

(58) Seet EL, Kay HH, Wu S, Terplan M. Placenta accreta: depth of invasion and neonatal outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25: 2042–5.

(59) Rac MW, Wells CE, Twickler DM, Moschos E, McIntire DD, Dashe JS. Placenta accreta and vaginal bleeding according to gestational age at delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 125: 808–13.

(60) Perlman NC, Little SE, Thomas A, Cantonwine DE, Carusi DA. Patient selection for later delivery timing with suspected previa-accreta. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2017; 96: 1021–8.

(61) Mavrides E, Allard S, Chandraharan E, Collins P, Green L, Hunt BJ, et al. on behalf of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Prevention and management of postpartum haemorrhage. BJOG 2016; 124: e106–49.

 

(62) Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Blood Transfusions in Obstetrics. Green-top Guideline No. 47. London: RCOG; 2015.

 

(63) Green L, Knight M, Seeney FM, Hopkinson C, Collins PW, Collis RE, et al. The epidemiology and outcomes of women with postpartum haemorrhage requiring massive transfusion with eight or more units of red cells: a national cross-sectional study. BJOG 2016; 123: 2164–70.

 

(64)) Brookfield KF, Goodnough LT, Lyell DJ, Butwick AJ. Perioperative and transfusion outcomes in women undergoing cesarean hysterectomy for abnormal placentation. Transfusion 2014; 54: 1530–6.

 

(65) Balayla J, Bondarenko HD. Placenta accreta and the risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. J Perinat Med 2013; 41: 141–9.

 

(66) Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Caesarean Section. Consent Advice No. 7. London: RCOG; 2009.

(67) Paterson-Brown S, Singh C. Developing a care bundle for the management of suspected placenta accreta. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2010; 12: 21–7.

(68) Belfort MA. Indicated preterm birth for placenta accreta. Semin Perinatol 2011; 35: 252–6.

(69) Gynaecol Can. 2016;38:1015–1023. 47. WOMAN Trial Collaborators. Effect of early tranexamic acid admin istration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post- partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): An international, ran domised, double- blind, placebo- controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;389: 2105–2116. 48.

(70) Simonazzi G, Bisulli M, Saccone G, Moro E, Marshall A, Berghella V. Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum blood loss after cesarean delivery: A systematic review and meta- analysis of randomized con trolled trials. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2016;95:28–37. 49.

(71) Lakshmi SD, Abraham R. Role of prophylactic tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss during elective caesarean section: A randomized controlled study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10:17–21. 50.

(72) Ray I, Bhattacharya R, Chakraborty S, Bagchi C, Mukhopadhyay S. Role of Intravenous tranexamic acid on caesarean blood loss: A Prospective randomised study. J Obstet Gynaecol India. 2017;66:347–352. 51.

(73) Maged AM, Helal OM, Elsherbin MM, et al. A randomized placebo- controlled trial of preoperative tranexamic acid among women under going elective cesarean delivery. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2015;131: 265–268.

(74) Mehrabadi A, Hutcheon JA, Liu S, Bartholomew S, Kramer MS, Liston RM, et al.; Maternal Health Study Group of Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System (Public Health Agency of Canada). Contribution of placenta accreta to the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage and severe postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 125: 814–21.

(75) Cal M, Ayres-de-Campos D, Jauniaux E. International survey of practices used in the diagnosis and management of placenta accreta spectrum disorders. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2018; 140: 307–11.

(76) Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee opinion no. 529: placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 2012; 120: 207–11.

(77) Eller AG, Porter TF, Soisson P, Silver RM. Optimal management strategies for placenta accreta. BJOG 2009; 116: 648–54.

(78) Hudon L, Belfort MA, Broome DR. Diagnosis and management of placenta percreta: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1998; 53: 509–17.

(79) El Tahan M, Carrillo AP, Moore J, Chandraharan E. Predictors of postoperative hospitalisation in women who underwent the Triple-P Procedure for abnormal invasion of the placenta. J Obstet Gynaecol 2018; 38: 71–3.

(80) Shazly SA, Badee AY, Ali MK. The use of multiple 8 compression suturing as a novel procedure to preserve fertility in patients with placenta accreta: case series. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 52: 395–9.

(81) El Gelany SA, Abdelraheim AR, Mohammed MM, Gad El-Rab MT, Yousef AM, Ibrahim EM, et al. The cervix as a natural tamponade in postpartum hemorrhage caused by placenta previa and placenta previa accreta: a prospective study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015; 15: 295.

(82) Teixidor Viñas M, Belli AM, Arulkumaran S, Chandraharan E. Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage and hysterectomy in patients with morbidly adherent placenta: a cohort study comparing outcomes before and after introduction of the Triple-P procedure. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015; 46: 350–5.

(83) Steins Bisschop CN, Schaap TP, Vogelvang TE, Scholten PC. Invasive placentation and uterus preserving treatment modalities: a systematic review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284: 491–502.

(84) Mei J, Wang Y, Zou B, Hou Y, Ma T, Chen M, et al. Systematic review of uterus-preserving treatment modalities for abnormally invasive placenta. J Obstet Gynaecol 2015; 35: 777–82.

(85) Jolley JA, Nageotte MP, Wing DA, Shrivastava VK. Management of placenta accreta: a survey of Maternal-Fetal Medicine practitioners. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25: 756–60.

(86) Wright JD, Silver RM, Bonanno C, Gaddipati S, Lu YS, Simpson LL, et al. Practice patterns and knowledge of obstetricians and gynecologists regarding placenta accreta. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26: 1602–9.

(87) Bailit JL, Grobman WA, Rice MM, Reddy UM, Wapner RJ, Varner MW, et al.; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network. Morbidly adherent placenta treatments and outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 125: 683–9.

(88) Publications Committee, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Belfort MA. Placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203: 430–9.

(89) Shabana A, Fawzy M, Refaie W. Conservative management of placenta percreta: a stepwise approach. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015; 291: 993–8.

(90) Clausen C, Lönn L, Langhoff-Roos J. Management of placenta percreta: a review of published cases. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2014; 93: 138–43.

(91) Mei J, Wang Y, Zou B, Hou Y, Ma T, Chen M, et al. Systematic review of uterus-preserving treatment modalities for abnormally invasive placenta. J Obstet Gynaecol 2015;35:777–82.

(92) Teixidor Vi~ nas M, Chandraharan E, Moneta MV, Belli AM. The role of interventional radiology in reducing haemorrhage and hysterectomy following caesarean section for morbidly adherent placenta. Clin Radiol 2014;69:e345–51.

(93) Bouvier A, Sentilhes L, Thouveny F, Bouet PE, Gillard P, Willoteaux S, et al. Planned caesarean in the interventional radiology cath lab to enable immediate uterine artery embolization for the conservative treatment of placenta accreta. Clin Radiol 2012; 67: 1089–94.

(94) Dilauro MD, Dason S, Athreya S. Prophylactic balloon occlusion of internal iliac arteries in women with placenta accreta: literature review and analysis. Clin Radiol 2012; 67: 515–20.

(95) Clausen C, Stensballe J, Albrechtsen CK, Hansen MA, Lönn L, Langhoff-Roos J. Balloon occlusion of the internal iliac arteries in the multidisciplinary management of placenta percreta. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92: 386–91.

(96) D'Souza DL, Kingdom JC, Amsalem H, Beecroft JR, Windrim RC, Kachura JR. Conservative management of invasive placenta using combined prophylactic internal iliac artery balloon occlusion and immediate postoperative uterine artery embolization. Can Assoc Radiol J 2015; 66: 179–84.

(97))Chou MM, Kung HF, Hwang JI, Chen WC, Tseng JJ. Temporary prophylactic intravascular balloon occlusion of the common iliac arteries before cesarean hysterectomy for controlling operative blood loss in abnormal placentation. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 54: 493–8.

(98) Duan XH, Wang YL, Han XW, Chen ZM, Chu QJ, Wang L, et al. Caesarean section combined with temporary aortic balloon occlusion followed by uterine artery embolisation for the management of placenta accreta. Clin Radiol 2015; 70: 932–7.

(99) Wei X, Zhang J, Chu Q, Du Y, Xing N, Xu X, et al. Prophylactic abdominal aorta balloon occlusion during caesarean section: a retrospective case series. Int J Obstet Anesth 2016; 27: 3–8.

(100) Wu Q, Liu Z, Zhao X, Liu C, Wang Y, Chu Q, et al. Outcome of Pregnancies After Balloon Occlusion of the Infrarenal Abdominal Aorta During Caesarean in 230 Patients With Placenta Praevia Accreta. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2016; 39: 1573–9.

(101) Xie L, Wang Y, Luo FY, Man YC, Zhao XL. Prophylactic use of an infrarenal abdominal aorta balloon catheter in pregnancies complicated by placenta accreta. J Obstet Gynaecol 2017; 37: 557–61.

(102) Wang YL, Duan XH, Han XW, Wang L, Zhao XL, Chen ZM, et al. Comparison of temporary abdominal aortic occlusion with internal iliac artery occlusion for patients with placenta accreta - a non-randomised prospective study. Vasa 2017; 46: 53–7.

(103) Iwata A, Murayama Y, Itakura A, Baba K, Seki H, Takeda S. Limitations of internal iliac artery ligation for the reduction of intraoperative hemorrhage during cesarean hysterectomy in cases of placenta previa accreta. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2010; 36: 254–9.

(104) Bishop S, Butler K, Monaghan S, Chan K, Murphy G, Edozien L. Multiple complications following the use of prophylactic internal iliac artery balloon catheterisation in a patient with placenta percreta. Int J Obstet Anesth 2011; 20: 70–3.

(105) Gagnon J, Boucher L, Kaufman I, Brown R, Moore A. Iliac artery rupture related to balloon insertion for placenta accreta causing maternal hemorrhage and neonatal compromise. Can J Anaesth 2013; 60: 1212–7.

(106) Teare J, Evans E, Belli A, Wendler R. Sciatic nerve ischaemia after iliac artery occlusion balloon catheter placement for placenta percreta. Int J Obstet Anesth 2014; 23: 178–81.

(107) Matsueda S, Hidaka N, Kondo Y, Fujiwara A, Fukushima K, Kato K. External iliac artery thrombosis after common iliac artery balloon occlusion during cesarean hysterectomy for placenta accreta in cervico-isthmic pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2015; 41: 1826–30.

(108) Collins SL, Ashcroft A, Braun T, Calda P, Langhoff-Ross J, Morel O, et al.; European Working Group on Abnormally Invasive Placenta (EW-AIP). Proposal for standardized ultrasound descriptors of abnormally invasive placenta (AIP). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016; 47: 271–5.