Normal Labor

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16.         Wood AM, Frey HA, Tuuli MG, Caughey AB, Odibo AO, Macones GA, et al. Optimal Admission Cervical Dilation in Spontaneously Laboring Women. Am J Perinatol. 2016;33(2):188-94.

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22.         Committee Opinion No. 667: Hospital-Based Triage of Obstetric Patients. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128(1):e16-e9.

23.         Simkin P, Bolding A. Update on nonpharmacologic approaches to relieve labor pain and prevent suffering. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2004;49(6):489-504.

24.         Committee Opinion No. 679: Immersion in Water During Labor and Delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128(5):e231-e6.

25.         Downe S, Lawrie TA, Finlayson K, Oladapo OT. Effectiveness of respectful care policies for women using routine intrapartum services: a systematic review. Reprod Health. 2018;15(1):23.

26.         Lawrence A, Lewis L, Hofmeyr GJ, Styles C. Maternal positions and mobility during first stage labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(10):CD003934.

27.         Malin GL, Bugg GJ, Thornton J, Taylor MA, Grauwen N, Devlieger R, et al. Does oral carbohydrate supplementation improve labour outcome? A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. BJOG. 2016;123(4):510-7.

28.         Downe S, Finlayson K, Oladapo OT, Bonet M, Gulmezoglu AM. What matters to women during childbirth: A systematic qualitative review. PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e0194906.

29.         Thomson G, Feeley C, Moran VH, Downe S, Oladapo OT. Women's experiences of pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain relief methods for labour and childbirth: a qualitative systematic review. Reprod Health. 2019;16(1):71.

30.         WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of maternal peripartum infections Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015 [Available from: https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/1ca2f289-26cd-4ea5-b715-23f903cff7e8/content.

31.         Basevi V, Lavender T. Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(11):CD001236.

32.         Reveiz L, Gaitan HG, Cuervo LG. Enemas during labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(7):CD000330.

33.         WHO recommendations for augmentation of labour Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014 [Available from: https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/cd4f3c19-fbea-487a-bf00-c7810008a7a5/content.

34.         Kobayashi S, Hanada N, Matsuzaki M, Takehara K, Ota E, Sasaki H, et al. Assessment and support during early labour for improving birth outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;4(4):CD011516.

35.         Abalos E, Oladapo OT, Chamillard M, Diaz V, Pasquale J, Bonet M, et al. Duration of spontaneous labour in 'low-risk' women with 'normal' perinatal outcomes: A systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2018;223:123-32.

36.         WHO recommendations: Optimizing health worker roles to improve access to key maternal and newborn health interventions through task shifting Geneva: World Health Organizatio; 2012 [Available from: https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/94326918-1f91-49a2-a857-12831cd51b91/content.

37.         Bonet M, Oladapo OT, Souza JP, Gulmezoglu AM. Diagnostic accuracy of the partograph alert and action lines to predict adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review. BJOG. 2019;126(13):1524-33.

38.         Estimation of unit costs for general health services: updated WHO‑CHOICE estimates. Technical background report Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011 [Available from: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/health-economics/choice-estimates-updates2011.pdf

39.         Lowe NK. A review of factors associated with dystocia and cesarean section in nulliparous women. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2007;52(3):216-28.

40.         Dalal AR, Purandare AC. The Partograph in Childbirth: An Absolute Essentiality or a Mere Exercise? J Obstet Gynaecol India. 2018;68(1):3-14.

41.         De Vivo V, Carbone L, Saccone G, Magoga G, De Vivo G, Locci M, et al. Early amniotomy after cervical ripening for induction of labor: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222(4):320-9.

42.         Arulkumaran S, Koh CH, Ingemarsson I, Ratnam SS. Augmentation of labour--mode of delivery related to cervimetric progress. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1987;27(4):304-8.

43.         Hofmeyr GJ, Vogel JP, Cuthbert A, Singata M. Fundal pressure during the second stage of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3(3):CD006067.

44.         Habek D, Vuković Bobić M, Hrgović Z. Possible feto-maternal clinical risk of the Kristeller’s expression. Central European Journal of Medicine. 2008;3(2): 183–6.

45.         Zanconato G, Cavaliere E, Cherubini G, Bortolami O, Mantovani E, Iacovella C, et al. Fundal pressure (Kristeller maneuver) during labor in current obstetric practice: assessment of prevalence and feto-maternal effects. Minerva Ginecol. 2014;66(2):239-41.

46.         Aasheim V, Nilsen ABV, Reinar LM, Lukasse M. Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;6(6):CD006672.

47.         Towner D, Castro MA, Eby-Wilkens E, Gilbert WM. Effect of mode of delivery in nulliparous women on neonatal intracranial injury. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(23):1709-14.

48.         Powell J, Gilo N, Foote M, Gil K, Lavin JP. Vacuum and forceps training in residency: experience and self-reported competency. J Perinatol. 2007;27(6):343-6.

49.         Shaffer BL, Caughey AB. Forceps delivery: potential benefits and a call for continued training. J Perinatol. 2007;27(6):327-8.

50.         O'Mahony F, Hofmeyr GJ, Menon V. Choice of instruments for assisted vaginal delivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010(11):CD005455.

51.         ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 154: Operative Vaginal Delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(5):e56-e65.

52.         Muñoz M, Stensballe J, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Bonnet MP, De Robertis E, Fornet I, et al. Patient blood management in obstetrics: prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage. A NATA consensus statement. Blood Transfus. 2019;17(2):112-36.

53.         WHO recommendations. Consolidated guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2025 [Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK619236/.

54.         Chaudhary P, Priyadarshi M, Singh P, Chaurasia S, Chaturvedi J, Basu S. Effects of delayed cord clamping at different time intervals in late preterm and term neonates: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Pediatr. 2023;182(8):3701-11.

55.         World Health Organization. Guidelines on basic newborn resuscitation. Geneva:2012 [Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75157/1/9789241503693_eng.pdf.

56.         Hofmeyr GJ, Mshweshwe NT, Gulmezoglu AM. Controlled cord traction for the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;1(1):CD008020.

57.         Prevention and Management of Postpartum Haemorrhage: Green-top Guideline No. 52. BJOG. 2017;124(5):e106-e49.

58.         Wu Y, Wang H, Wu QY, Liang XL, Wang J. A meta-analysis of the effects of intramuscular and intravenous injection of oxytocin on the third stage of labor. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2020;301(3):643-53.

59.         The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG): Management of postpartum haemorrhage Melbourne, Australia RANZCOG; 2021 [Available from: https://ranzcog.edu.au.

60.         Baliuliene V, Vitartaite M, Rimaitis K. Prophylactic Dose of Oxytocin for Uterine Atony during Caesarean Delivery: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9).

61.         Lee S-K, Cauldwell M, Wendler R, editors. Cardiac effects of drugs used for induction of labour and prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage2021.

62.         Escobar MF, Nassar AH, Theron G, Barnea ER, Nicholson W, Ramasauskaite D, et al. FIGO recommendations on the management of postpartum hemorrhage 2022. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2022;157 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):3-50.

63.         Tyagi A, Deep S, Salhotra R, Malhotra R, Singla A. Minimum effective dose of oxytocin bolus during the caesarean section for patients at high vs low risk of uterine atony: A non-randomized, dual-arm, dose-finding prospective trial. Indian J Anaesth. 2023;67(8):690-6.

64.         Oladapo OT, Okusanya BO, Abalos E, Gallos ID, Papadopoulou A. Intravenous versus intramuscular prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;11(11):Cd009332.

65.         Zhou YH, Xie Y, Luo YZ, Liu XW, Zhou J, Liu Q. Intramuscular versus intravenous oxytocin for the third stage of labor after vaginal delivery to prevent postpartum hemorrhage: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020;250:265-71.

66.         WHO recommendations: uterotonics for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage.: World Health Organization; 2018 [Available from: https://who.int.

67.         Robinson D, Basso M, Chan C, Duckitt K, Lett R. Guideline No. 431: Postpartum Hemorrhage and Hemorrhagic Shock. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2022;44(12):1293-310 e1.

68.         Intrapartum care [M]: Evidence reviews for uterotonics for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage. NICE guideline NG235. Evidence reviews underpinning recommendations 1.10.9 to 1.10.11 and 1.10.13 London, UK: NICE; 2023 [Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng235/evidence/m-uterotonics-for-the-prevention-of-postpartum-haemorrhage-pdf-474720226456.

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70.         World Health Organization. WHO recommendations for the prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage Geneva, Switzerland2012 [Available from: https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/36ea885b-7472-4b89-9605-81535f6a53c6/content.

71.         International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). Misoprostol-only: recommended regimens London, UK: FIGO; 2017 [Available from: https://www.figo.org/sites/default/files/2020-03/Misoprostol_Card_2017_EN_1.pdf.

72.         Drew T, Carvalho JCA. Pharmacologic Prevention and Treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage. . Curr Anesthesiol Rep. 2021;11:37-47.

73.         Australian Medicines Handbook. Misoprostol (obstetrics). Adelaide: Australian: Medicines Handbook Pty Ltd; 2024 [Available from: https://www.amh.net.au.

74.         Collaborators WT. Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;389(10084):2105-16.

75.         WHO recommendation on tranexamic acid for the treatment of postpartum Hemorrhage. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 [Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/259374.

76.         National Blood Authority (NBA). Patient blood management guideline for adults with critical bleeding. Publisher:, National Blood Authority Place Published: Canberra, ACT: Commonwealth of Australia, National Blood Authority; 2023 [Available from: https://www.blood.gov.au/clinical-guidance/patient-blood-management.

77.         Hofmeyr GJ, Abdel-Aleem H, Abdel-Aleem MA. Uterine massage for preventing postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(7):Cd006431.

78.         Abedi P, Jahanfar S, Namvar F, Lee J. Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2016(1):Cd010845.

79.         Queensland Clinical Guidelines. Primary postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) Australia: Queensland Health; 2024 [Available from: https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/140136/g-pph.pdf.

80.         WHO recommendations on postnatal care of the mother and newborn Geneva:: World Health Organization; 2013 [Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/97603/1/9789241506649_eng.