Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2026

ABG: Arterial Blood Gases

AGREE II: Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II

AI: Artificial Intelligence

AKI: Acute Kidney Injury

AKIN: Acute Kidney Injury Network

ARDS: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

BMI: Body Mass Index

BP: Blood Pressure

CIs: Confidence Intervals

CO: Cardiac Output

CRE: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales

CRRT: Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

CRT: Capillary Refill Time

CVP: Central venous pressure

dL: deciliter

DVT: Deep venous thrombosis

ECMO: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

ED: Emergency Department

EMS: Emergency Medical Services

ESBL: Extended spectrum β-lactamase

ESICM: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine

EWS: Early Warning Scores

FiO2: Fraction of Inspired Oxygen

GDG: Guidelines Development Group

GI: Gastro-intestinal

GPS: Good Practice Statement

GRADE: Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations

HES: Hydroxyethyl starch

HFNC: High flow nasal cannula

IBW: Ideal Body Weight

ICU: Intensive Care Unit

ICU LOS: Intensive Care - Unit Length of Stay

IHD: Intermittent Hemodialysis

iNOS: inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase

IPDMA: Individual patient data meta-analysis

IQR: interquartile range

IV: Intravenous

IVIG: Intravenous Immunoglobulin

Kg: Kilogram

LMICs: Low- and Middle-Income Countries

LMWH: low molecular weight heparin

MAP: Mean arterial pressure

MDR: Multidrug resistant

MDW: Monocyte Distribution Width

MEWS: Modified Early Warning Score

mL: milliliter

MRSA: Methicillin- resistant S. aureus

NEWS: National Early Warning Score

NEWS2: National Early Warning Score 2

NIPPV: Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation

NMBA: Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

PE: Pulmonary embolism

PEEP: Positive end-Expiratory Pressure

P/F ratio: PaO2/FiO2

PK/PD: pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic

POCUS: Point-of-care Ultrasound

PP: Pulse pressure

PPIs: proton-pump inhibitors

PPV: Pulse pressure variation

QI: Quality improvement

qSOFA: quick sepsis-related organ failure assessment

RCTs: Randomized Controlled Trials

RRT: Renal Replacement Therapy

SaO2: Arterial oxygen saturation. Oxygen saturation in arterial blood.

SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure

SCCM: Society of Critical Care Medicine

S/F: Spo2/Fio2

SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Spo2: Pulse oximeter

Spo2 : Peripheral oxygen saturation. Oxygenation measured by pulse oximeter.

SSC: Surviving Sepsis Campaign

SV: Stroke volume

SVV: Stroke volume variation

TDM: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

UFH: unfractionated heparin

UK: United Kingdom

US: United States

VFD: Ventilator free days

VTE: Venous thromboembolism

VV ECMO: Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

WHO: World Health Organization