intensive care unit admission, discharge, and triage.

1.          Nates JL, Nunnally M, Kleinpell R, et al. ICU Admission, Discharge, and Triage Guidelines: A Framework to Enhance Clinical Operations, Development of Institutional Policies, and Further Research. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(8):1553-1602. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001856

2.          Cardoso LT, Grion CM, Matsuo T, et al. Impact of delayed admission to intensive care units on mortality of critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(10):1551-1559. doi: 10.1007/s00134-011-2305-9  

3.          Chalfin DB, Trzeciak S, Likourezos A, Baumann BM, Dellinger RP; DELAY-ED Study Group. Impact of delayed transfer of critically ill patients from the emergency department to the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(6):1477-1483. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000266587.74546.5A  

4.          Chalfin DB, Trzeciak S, Likourezos A, Baumann BM, Dellinger RP; DELAY-ED study group. Impact of delayed transfer of critically ill patients from the emergency department to the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(6):1477-1483. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000266585.74905.5A

5.          Fan E, MacDonald RD, Adhikari NK, et al. Outcomes of interfacility critical care adult patient transport: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2006;10(1):R6. doi:10.1186/cc3924. 

6.          Kohl BA, Fortino-Mullen M, Praestgaard A, Hanson CW, Dimartino J, Ochroch EA. The effect of ICU telemedicine on mortality and length of stay. J Telemed Telecare. 2012;18(5):282-286. doi:10.1258/jtt.2012.120208

7.          Adhikari NK, Fowler RA, Bhagwanjee S, Rubenfeld GD. Critical care and the global burden of critical illness in adults. Lancet. 2010;376(9749):1339-1346. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60446-1

8.          Zimmerman JE, Kramer AA, McNair DS, Malila FM. Intensive care unit length of stay: benchmarking based on Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(10):2517-2529. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000239318.50102.D9

9.          Wunsch H, Angus DC, Harrison DA, et al. Variation in critical care services across North America and Western Europe. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(10):2787-e9. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e318186aec8

10.       Truog RD, Mitchell C, Daley GQ. The toughest triage — allocating ventilators in a pandemic. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(21):1973-1975. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2005689 

11.       Christian MD, Sprung CL, King MA, et al. Triage: care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters: CHEST consensus statement. Chest. 2014;146(4 Suppl):e61S-74S. doi:10.1378/chest.14-0736

12.       Vincent JL, Rubenfeld GD. Does intermediate care improve patient outcomes or reduce costs?. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):89. Published 2015 Mar 2. doi:10.1186/s13054-015-0813-0

13.       Beaussier M, Guidet B, Aegerter P, et al. Profiles of the patients admitted to intermediate care units in France: Admission criteria appropriateness and potential outcome benefits (UNISURC project part 2). J Crit Care. 2025;88:155078. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2025.155078

14.       Wang L, Qing J, Zhang X, et al. Effects of the intermediate care unit on the oldest-old general surgical patients: a retrospective, pre- and postintervention study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2021;33(6):1557-1566. doi:10.1007/s40520-020-01662-5

15.       López-Jardón P, Martínez-Fernández MC, García-Fernández R, Martín-Vázquez C, Verdeal-Dacal R. Utility of Intermediate Care Units: A Systematic Review Study. Healthcare (Basel). 2024;12(3):296. Published 2024 Jan 24. doi:10.3390/healthcare12030296

16.       Smith GB, Redfern OC, Pimentel MA, et al. The National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2). Clin Med (Lond). 2019;19(3):260. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.19-3-260

17.       Mezzaroba AL, Tanita MT, Festti J, Carrilho CM, Cardoso LT, Grion CM. Evaluation of the five-year operation period of a rapid response team led by an intensive care physician at a university hospital. Avaliação de 5 anos de atuação de um time de resposta rápida liderado por médico intensivista em hospital universitário. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2016;28(3):278-284. doi:10.5935/0103-507X.20160045

18.       Hatlem T, Jones C, Woodard EK. Reducing mortality and avoiding preventable ICU utilization: analysis of a successful rapid response program using APR DRGs [published correction appears in J Healthc Qual. 2022 Nov-Dec 01;44(6):373. doi: 10.1097/JHQ.0000000000000368.]. J Healthc Qual. 2011;33(5):7-16. doi:10.1111/j.1945-1474.2011.00084.x

19.       Boniatti MM. Advances in performance, more benefits... the perspectives of rapid response teams. Avanços na atuação, mais benefícios... as perspectivas dos times de resposta rápida. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2016;28(3):217-219. doi:10.5935/0103-507X.20160048

20.       Cross G, Bilgrami I, Eastwood G, et al. The epidemiology of sepsis during rapid response team reviews in a teaching hospital. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2015;43(2):193-198. doi:10.1177/0310057X1504300208

21.       Park SH, Kang J, Kim TJ, Lee HY, Cho HJ, Lee SM. Current status of the rapid response system and early warning score: a survey-based analysis. Acute Crit Care. 2022;37(4):687-689. doi:10.4266/acc.2022.01144

22.       Robertson M, Lim AKH, Bloom A, et al. Epidemiology and Prognostic Significance of Rapid Response System Activation in Patients Undergoing Liver Transplantation. J Clin Med. 2021;10(23):5680. Published 2021 Dec 1. doi:10.3390/jcm10235680

23.       Winters BD, Weaver SJ, Pfoh ER, Yang T, Pham JC, Dy SM. Rapid-response systems as a patient safety strategy: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(5 Pt 2):417-425. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-158-5-201303051-00009

24.       Beitler JR, Link N, Bails DB, Hurdle K, Chong DH. Reduction in hospital-wide mortality after implementation of a rapid response team: a long-term cohort study. Crit Care. 2011;15(6):R269. doi:10.1186/cc10547

25.       Schneider AG, Calzavacca P, Mercer I, Hart G, Jones D, Bellomo R. The epidemiology and outcome of medical emergency team call patients treated with non-invasive ventilation. Resuscitation. 2011;82(9):1218-1223. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.04.009

26.       Lyons PG, Edelson DP, Churpek MM. Rapid response systems. Resuscitation. 2018;128:191-197. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.05.013

27.       Mahmoodpoor A, Sanaie S, Saghaleini SH, et al. Prognostic value of National Early Warning Score and Modified Early Warning Score on intensive care unit readmission and mortality: A prospective observational study. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:938005. Published 2022 Aug 4. doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.938005

28.       Mellinghoff J, O'Shea P, Dawson D, Ball J, Rhodes A, Grounds M. Delayed discharges revisited: impact of a liaison post on patients' transition from ICU to ward care. Crit Care. 2012;16(Suppl 1):P513. doi:10.1186/cc11120

29.       Baker-McClearn D, Carmel S. Impact of critical care outreach services on the delivery and organization of hospital care. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2008;13(3):152-157. doi:10.1258/jhsrp.2008.008003

30.       Garcea G, Thomasset S, McClelland L, Leslie A, Berry DP. Impact of a critical care outreach team on critical care readmissions and mortality. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004;48(9):1096-1100. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2004.00509.x

31.       Barfod C, Lauritzen MM, Danker JK, et al. Abnormal vital signs are strong predictors for intensive care unit admission and in-hospital mortality in adults triaged in the emergency department - a prospective cohort study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2012;20:28. Published 2012 Apr 10. doi:10.1186/1757-7241-20-28

32.       Guidelines for intensive care unit admission, discharge, and triage. Task Force of the American College of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(3):633-638.

33.       K Ehikhametalor, L-A Fisher, C Bruce, et al. Guidelines for Intensive Care Unit Admission, Discharge and Triage. West Indian Med J. 2019;68(2):46-54 doi:10.7727/wimj.2018.197

34.       Lemeshow S, Le Gall JR. Modeling the severity of illness of ICU patients. A systems update. JAMA. 1994;272(13):1049-1055

35.       Soares J, Leung C, Campbell V, Van Der Vegt A, Malycha J, Andersen C. Intensive care unit admission criteria: a scoping review. J Intensive Care Soc. 2024;25(3):296-307. Published 2024 Apr 15. doi:10.1177/17511437241246901

36.       Sadaka F, EthmaneAbouElMaali C, Cytron MA, Fowler K, Javaux VM, O'Brien J. Predicting Mortality of Patients With Sepsis: A Comparison of APACHE II and APACHE III Scoring Systems. J Clin Med Res. 2017;9(11):907-910. doi:10.14740/jocmr3083w

37.       Wilfong EM, Lovly CM, Gillaspie EA, et al. Severity of illness scores at presentation predict ICU admission and mortality in COVID-19. J Emerg Crit Care Med. 2021;5:7. doi:10.21037/jeccm-20-92 (100)

38.       Keegan MT, Gajic O, Afessa B. Severity of illness scoring systems in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(1):163-169. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181f96f81

39.       Tang WM, Tong CK, Yu WC, Tong KL, Buckley TA. Outcome of adult critically ill patients mechanically ventilated on general medical wards. Hong Kong Med J. 2012;18(4):284-290.

40.       Lott JP, Iwashyna TJ, Christie JD, Asch DA, Kramer AA, Kahn JM. Critical illness outcomes in specialty versus general intensive care units. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;179(8):676-683. doi:10.1164/rccm.200808-1281OC

41.       Sasser SM, Hunt RC, Faul M, et al. Guidelines for field triage of injured patients: recommendations of the National Expert Panel on Field Triage, 2011. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2012;61(RR-1):1-20.

42.       Collet JP, Thiele H, Barbato E, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(38):3898-4019. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad191

43.       Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, et al. 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(2):119-177. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393

44.       Asano T, Koeda Y, Nasu T, et al. Impact of High Care Unit Management on In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Int Heart J. 2025;66(2):226-233. doi:10.1536/ihj.24-720

45.       O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines [published correction appears in Circulation. 2013 Dec 24;128(25):e481]. Circulation. 2013;127(4):e362-e425. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182742cf6

46.       Neumann FJ, Sousa-Uva M, Ahlsson A, et al. 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization [published correction appears in Eur Heart J. 2019 Oct 1;40(37):3096. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz507.]. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(2):87-165. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy394 (4)

47.       Anderson JL, Morrow DA. Acute Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(21):2053-2064. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1606915

48.       McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2023 Focused Update of the 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure [published correction appears in Eur Heart J. 2024 Jan 1;45(1):53. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad613.]. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(37):3627-3639. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad195 (4.1, 54, 64)

49.       Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines [published correction appears in Circulation. 2022 May 3;145(18):e1033. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001073.] [published correction appears in Circulation. 2022 Sep 27;146(13):e185. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001097.] [published correction appears in Circulation. 2023 Apr 4;147(14):e674. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001142.]. Circulation. 2022;145(18):e895-e1032. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063

50.       van Diepen S, Katz JN, Albert NM, et al. Contemporary Management of Cardiogenic Shock: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;136(16):e232-e268. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000525

51.       Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, et al. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators. Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(9):625-634. doi:10.1056/NEJM199908263410901

52.       Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ, et al. Intraaortic balloon support for myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(14):1287-1296. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1208410

53.       Vahdatpour C, Collins D, Goldberg S. Cardiogenic Shock. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(8):e011991. doi:10.1161/JAHA.119.011991

54.       Tehrani BN, Truesdell AG, Sherwood MW, et al. Standardized Team-Based Care for Cardiogenic Shock [published correction appears in J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Jul 23;74(3):481. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.06.010.]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(13):1659-1669. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.12.084

55.       Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(40):3997-4126. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262

56.       Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(5):373-498. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612

57.       Brugada J, Katritsis DG, Arbelo E, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia The Task Force for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2020;41(5):655-720. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz467

58.       Glikson M, Nielsen JC, Kronborg MB, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(35):3427-3520. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab364

59.       elker GM, Teerlink JR. Diagnosis and Management of Acute Heart Failure. In: Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Braunwald E, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Elsevier; 2022:chap 26.

60.       Adams KF Jr, Fonarow GC, Emerman CL, et al; ADHERE Scientific Advisory Committee and Investigators. Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure in the United States: rationale, design, and preliminary observations from the first 100,000 cases in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE). Am Heart J. 2005;149(2):209-216. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.08.005

61.       Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunström M, et al. 2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension Endorsed by the European Renal Association (ERA) and the International Society of Hypertension (ISH). J Hypertens. 2023;41(12):2159-2241. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000003480

62.       Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE Jr, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, DePalma SM, Gidding S, Jamerson KA, Jones DW, MacLaughlin EJ, Muntner P, Ovbiagele B, Smith SC Jr, Spencer CC, Stafford RS, Taler SJ, Thomas RJ, Williams KA Sr, Williamson JD, Wright JT Jr. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2018 Jun;71(6):1269-1324. doi: 10.1161/HYP.0000000000000066. Epub 2017 Nov 13. Erratum in: Hypertension. 2018 Jun;71(6):e136-e139. doi: 10.1161/HYP.0000000000000075. Erratum in: Hypertension. 2018 Sep;72(3):e33. doi: 10.1161/HYP.0000000000000080. PMID: 29133354.

63.       nger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2020;75(6):1334-1357. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026

64.       Watson K, Broscious N, Devabhakthuni S, Noel ZR. Management of Hypertensive Crises: A Review for Practitioners. Cardiol Clin. 2024;42(1):71-81. doi: 10.1016/j.ccl.2023.07.008

65.       Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management. Chest. 2007;131(6):1949-1962. doi: 10.1378/chest.06-2490

66.       Panchal AR, Bartos JA, Cabañas JG, et al. Part 3: Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2020;142(16_suppl_2):S366-S468. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000916

67.       Nolan JP, Sandroni C, Böttiger BW, et al. European Resuscitation Council and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Guidelines 2021: Post-resuscitation care. Resuscitation. 2021;161:220-256. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.012

68.       Nielsen N, Wetterslev J, Cronberg T, et al; TTM Trial Investigators. Targeted temperature management at 33°C versus 36°C after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(23):2197-2206. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1310519 (8)

69.       Dankiewicz J, Cronberg T, Lilja G, et al; TTM2 Trial Investigators. Hypothermia versus Normothermia after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(24):2283-2294. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2100591

70.       Adler Y, Charron P, Imazio M, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Endorsed by: The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2015;36(42):2921-2964. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv318

71.       Spodick DH. Acute cardiac tamponade. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(7):684-690. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra022643

72.       Ariyarajah V, Spodick DH. Cardiac tamponade revisited: a critical review of decision-making in the emergency room. Am J Emerg Med. 2007;25(2):218-224. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2006.07.009

73.       Isselbacher EM, Preventza O, Hamilton Black J 3rd, et al. 2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;146(24):e334-e482. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001106 (Also published in J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80(24):e223–e393).

74.       Erbel R, Aboyans V, Boileau C, et al; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of aortic diseases: Document covering acute and chronic aortic diseases of the thoracic and abdominal aorta of the adult. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(41):2873-2926. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu281  

75.       Pape LA. Acute Aortic Syndromes. Circulation. 2021;144(15):1253-1270. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.054319

76.       CA, Clough RE. Management of acute aortic dissection. Lancet. 2015;385(9970):800-811. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61005-9

77.       Evangelista A, Isselbacher EM, Bossone E, et al; IRAD Investigators. Insights From the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection: Toward Standardized Reporting. Circulation. 2018;137(17):1837-1848. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031244

78.       Cahill TJ, Jewell PD, Ponnuthurai FA, et al. Management of acute aortic dissection in critical care. J Intensive Care Soc. 2023;24(4):409-418. doi: 10.1177/17511437231162219

79.       Laine L, Barkun AN, Saltzman JR, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: Upper Gastrointestinal and Ulcer Bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021;116(5):899-917. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001245

80.       Gralnek IM, Stanley AJ, Morris AJ, et al. Endoscopic diagnosis and management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (NVUGIH): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline - Update 2021. Endoscopy. 2021;53(3):300-329. doi: 10.1055/a-1369-5274  

81.       Oakland K, Chadwick G, East JE, et al; British Society of Gastroenterology. Diagnosis and management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: guidelines from the British Society of Gastroenterology. Gut. 2019;68(5):776-789. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317807   

82.       Strate LL, Gralnek IM. ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Patients With Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(4):459-474. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2016.41

83.       de Franchis R, Bosch J, Garcia-Tsao G, et al; Baveno VII Faculty. Baveno VII - Renewing consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2022;76(4):959-974. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.12.022

84.       Garcia-Tsao G, Abraldes JG, Berzigotti A, Bosch J. Portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis: Risk stratification, diagnosis, and management: 2016 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2017;65(1):310-335. doi: 10.1002/hep.28906 

85.       Stanley AJ, Laine L. Management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. BMJ. 2019;364:l536. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l536

86.       Al Duhailib Z, Dionne JC, Alhazzani W. Management of severe upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the ICU. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2020;26(2):212-218. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000699

87.       Oakland K, et al. External validation of the Oakland score for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Gut. 2020;69(9):1586-1591. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319942

88.       uropean Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practical Guidelines on the management of acute (fulminant) liver failure. J Hepatol. 2017;66(5):1047-1081. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.12.005  

89.       Lee WM, Larson AM, Stravitz RT; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. AASLD position paper: the management of acute liver failure: update 2011. Hepatology. 2012;55(3):965-967. doi: 10.1002/hep.25503

90.       Olson JC, Kamath PS, et al; Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM). Guidelines for the Management of Adult Acute and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure in the ICU (Part II). Crit Care Med. 2023;51(8):1088-1104. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005990

91.       Stravitz RT, Lee WM. Acute liver failure. Lancet. 2019;394(10201):869-881. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31894-X (12)

92.              Bernal W, Wendon J. Acute liver failure. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(26):2525-2534. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1208937 (12)

93.       Bernal W, Davison S, Auzinger G. Management of acute liver failure in intensive care. BJA Educ. 2021;21(5):186-192. doi: 10.1016/j.bjae.2021.01.004

94.       Vege SS, Yadav D, Chari ST, et al. American College of Gastroenterology Guideline: Management of Acute Pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024;119(3):397-420. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002735 (13)

95.       Working Group IAP/APA Acute Pancreatitis Guidelines. IAP/APA evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2013 Jul-Aug;13(4 Suppl 2):e1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.pan.2013.07.063. PMID: 24054878.

96.       Crockett SD, Wani S, Gardner TB, Falck-Ytter Y, Barkun AN; American Gastroenterological Association Institute Clinical Guidelines Committee. American Gastroenterological Association Institute Guideline on Initial Management of Acute Pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(4):1096-1101. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.01.032(13)

97.       Leppäniemi A, Tolonen M, Tarasconi A, et al. 2019 WSES guidelines for the management of severe acute pancreatitis. World J Emerg Surg. 2019;14:27. doi: 10.1186/s13017-019-0247-0(13)

98.       Boxhoorn L, Voermans RP, Bouwense SA, et al. Acute pancreatitis. Lancet. 2020;396(10252):726-734. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31310-6 (13)

99.       Forsmark CE, Vege SS, Wilcox CM. Acute Pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(20):1972-1981. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1505202 (13)

100.   De Waele E, Malbrain MLNG, Spapen HD. How to deal with severe acute pancreatitis in the critically ill. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2019;25(2):180-186. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000583

101.   Greenberg JA, Hsu J, Bawazeer M, et al. Clinical practice guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. Can J Surg. 2016;59(2):128-140. doi: 10.1503/cjs.015015

102.   Chirica M, Kelly MD, Siboni S, et al. Esophageal emergencies: WSES guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2019;14:26. Published 2019 May 31. doi:10.1186/s13017-019-0245-2

103.   Kaman L, Iqbal J, Kundil B, Kochhar R. Management of Esophageal Perforation in Adults. Gastroenterology Res. 2010;3(6):235-244. doi:10.4021/gr263w 

104.   Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47(11):1181-1247. doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06506-y 

105.   Brinster CJ, Singhal S, Lee L, Marshall MB, Kaiser LR, Kucharczuk JC. Evolving options in the management of esophageal perforation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;77(4):1475-1483. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2003.08.037

106.   Eroglu A, Turkyilmaz A, Aydin Y, Yekeler E, Karaoglanoglu N. Current management of esophageal perforation: 20 years experience. Dis Esophagus. 2009;22(4):374-380. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2050.2008.00918.x

107.   De Palma A, Cantatore MG, Di Gennaro F, et al. Multidisciplinary Approach in the Treatment of Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis: Twenty-Year Single-Center Experience. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022;11(5):664. Published 2022 May 16. doi:10.3390/antibiotics11050664

108.   Guarino A, Ashkenazi S, Gendrel D, et al. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Europe: update 2014. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014;59(1):132-152. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000000375

109.   Hooper L, Bunn D, Jimoh FO, Fairweather-Tait SJ. Water-loss dehydration and aging. Mech Ageing Dev. 2014;136-137:50-58. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2013.11.009

110.   Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(12):e45-e80. doi:10.1093/cid/cix669

111.   Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(7):1335-1343. doi:10.2337/dc09-9032 (

112.   Dhatariya KK; Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults-An updated guideline from the Joint British Diabetes Society for Inpatient Care. Diabet Med. 2022;39(6):e14788. doi:10.1111/dme.14788 (

113.   Mustafa OG, Haq M, Dashora U, Castro E, Dhatariya KK; Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS) for Inpatient Care Group. Management of Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State (HHS) in Adults: An updated guideline from the Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS) for Inpatient Care Group. Diabet Med. 2023;40(3):e15005. doi:10.1111/dme.15005

114.   Umpierrez G, Korytkowski M. Diabetic emergencies - ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and hypoglycaemia. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016;12(4):222-232. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.15  (16, 63)

115.   Pasquel FJ, Umpierrez GE. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: a historic review of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(11):3124-3131. doi:10.2337/dc14-0984 (16, 63)

116.   Dhatariya KK, Glaser NS, Codner E, Umpierrez GE. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):40. Published 2020 May 14. doi:10.1038/s41572-020-0165-1

117.   Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis [published correction appears in Thyroid. 2017 Nov;27(11):1462. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0229.correx.]. Thyroid. 2016;26(10):1343-1421. doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0229

118.   Satoh T, Isozaki O, Suzuki A, et al. 2016 Guidelines for the management of thyroid storm from The Japan Thyroid Association and Japan Endocrine Society (First edition). Endocr J. 2016;63(12):1025-1064. doi:10.1507/endocrj.EJ16-0336

119.   Akamizu T, Satoh T, Isozaki O, et al. Diagnostic criteria, clinical features, and incidence of thyroid storm based on nationwide surveys [published correction appears in Thyroid. 2012 Sep;22(9):979]. Thyroid. 2012;22(7):661-679. doi:10.1089/thy.2011.0334 

120.   Chiha M, Samarasinghe S, Kabaker AS. Thyroid storm: an updated review. J Intensive Care Med. 2015;30(3):131-140. doi:10.1177/0885066613498053

121.   Carroll R, Matfin G. Endocrine and metabolic emergencies: thyroid storm. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2010;1(3):139-145. doi:10.1177/2042018810382481

122.   Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Bauer AJ, et al. Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: prepared by the american thyroid association task force on thyroid hormone replacement. Thyroid. 2014;24(12):1670-1751. doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0028

123.   Wall CR. Myxedema coma: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2000;62(11):2485-2490. (18)

124.   Mathew V, Misgar RA, Ghosh S, et al. Myxedema coma: a new look into an old crisis. J Thyroid Res. 2011;2011:493462. doi:10.4061/2011/493462 (

125.   Wiersinga WM. Myxedema and Coma (Severe Hypothyroidism). In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Updated 2023 Jan 11. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279007/ (18, 42)

126.   Dutta P, Bhansali A, Masoodi SR, Bhadada S, Sharma N, Rajput R. Predictors of outcome in myxoedema coma: a study from a tertiary care centre. Crit Care. 2008;12(1):R1. doi:10.1186/cc6211  (18)

127.   Bornstein SR, Allolio B, Arlt W, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(2):364-389. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-1710  

128.   Rushworth RL, Torpy DJ, Falhammar H. Adrenal Crisis. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(9):852-861. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1807486

129.   Annane D, Pastores SM, Arlt W, et al. Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI): a narrative review from a Multispecialty Task Force of the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(12):1781-1792. doi:10.1007/s00134-017-4914-x

130.   Hahner S, Ross RJ, Arlt W, et al. Adrenal insufficiency. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):19. Published 2021 Mar 11. doi:10.1038/s41572-021-00252-7 (19)

131.   Puar TH, Stikkelbroeck NM, Smans LC, Zelissen PM, Hermus AR. Adrenal Crisis: Still a Deadly Event in the 21st Century. Am J Med. 2016;129(3):339.e1-339.e3399. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.08.021

132.       American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee . 16. Diabetes Care in the Hospital: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2025. Diabetes Care. 2025;48(Supplement_1):S321-S334. doi:10.2337/dc25-S016 (20)

133.       Perez-Guzman MC, Duggan E, Gibanica S, et al. Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Operating Room and Cardiac Intensive Care Unit. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(3):e50-e52. doi:10.2337/dc20-2386  (20)

134.       Okabayashi T, Shima Y, Sumiyoshi T, et al. Intensive versus intermediate glucose control in surgical intensive care unit patients. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(6):1516-1524. doi:10.2337/dc13-1771   (20)

135.       Cryer PE, Axelrod L, Grossman AB, et al. Evaluation and management of adult hypoglycemic disorders: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(3):709-728. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1410  (20)

136.       Cryer PE. Hypoglycemia, functional brain failure, and brain death. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(4):868-870. doi:10.1172/JCI31669   (20, 64)

137.       Umpierrez G, Korytkowski M. Diabetic emergencies - ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and hypoglycaemia. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016;12(4):222-232. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.15 (20)

138.       Iqbal A, Heller S. Managing hypoglycaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;30(3):413-430. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2016.06.004 (20)

139.       Zeeman GG. Obstetric critical care: a blueprint for improved outcomes. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(9 Suppl):S208-S214. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000231884.99763.69(22,21,23, 24)

140.       Pollock W, Rose L, Dennis CL. Pregnant and postpartum admissions to the intensive care unit: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36(9):1465-1474. doi:10.1007/s00134-010-1951-0 (22,21,23, 24)

141.       Pandya ST, Mangalampally K. Critical care in obstetrics. Indian J Anaesth. 2018;62(9):724-733. doi:10.4103/ija.IJA_577_18

142.       Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 222. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;135(6):e237-e260. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003891

143.       Lam MTC, Dierking E. Intensive Care Unit issues in eclampsia and HELLP syndrome. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2017;7(3):136-141. doi:10.4103/IJCIIS.IJCIIS_33_17   (21)

144.       Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2019 Jun 25. (NICE Guideline, No. 133.) Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546004/ 

145.       Brown MA, Magee LA, Kenny LC, et al. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: ISSHP Classification, Diagnosis, and Management Recommendations for International Practice. Hypertension. 2018;72(1):24-43. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10803 (21)

146.       Tranquilli AL, Dekker G, Magee L, et al. The classification, diagnosis and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A revised statement from the ISSHP. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2014;4(2):97-104. doi:10.1016/j.preghy.2014.02.001  (21)

147.       Haram K, Svendsen E, Abildgaard U. The HELLP syndrome: clinical issues and management. A Review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2009;9:8. Published 2009 Feb 26. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-9-8

148.       Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, et al. Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 7th ed. Elsevier; 2021:chap 31

149.       Singh S, McGlennan A, England A, Simons R. A validation study of the CEMACH recommended modified early obstetric warning system (MEOWS) [published correction appears in Anaesthesia. 2012 Apr;67(4):453]. Anaesthesia. 2012;67(1):12-18. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06896.x

150.       Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee Opinion No. 692: Emergent Therapy for Acute-Onset, Severe Hypertension During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129(4):e90-e95. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002019 (22)

151.       Duan R, Xu X, Wang X, Yu H. Perinatal outcome in women with bacterial sepsis: A cross-sectional study from West China. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(44):e17751. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000017751 (22)

152.       Escobar MF, Nassar AH, Theron G, et al. FIGO recommendations on the management of postpartum hemorrhage 2022. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2022;157 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):3-50. doi:10.1002/ijgo.14116 (22)

153.       El-Abd H, Mashhour K, Mwafy A. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of obstetric patients requiring ICU admission. Crit Care. 2011;15(Suppl 1):P513. doi:10.1186/cc9933 (22)

154.       Codsi E, Rose CH, Blauwet LA. Subsequent Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients With Peripartum Cardiomyopathy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(2):322-327. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002439 (23)

155.       Nelson-Piercy C, Dean C, Shehmar M, et al. The Management of Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy and Hyperemesis Gravidarum (Green-top Guideline No. 69). BJOG. 2024;131(7):e1-e30. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.17739 

156.       Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, et al. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(12):781-788. doi:10.1056/NEJM199103213241201

157.       Fiorentini M, Nedu B, Dapoto F, Brunelli E, Pilu G, Youssef A. When time is brain: a systematic review about Wernicke encephalopathy as a dramatic consequence of thiamin deficiency in hyperemesis gravidarum. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2023;36(2):2223678. doi:10.1080/14767058.2023.2223678 (23)

158.       Escobar MF, Nassar AH, Theron G, et al. FIGO recommendations on the management of postpartum hemorrhage 2022. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2022;157 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):3-50. doi:10.1002/ijgo.14116  (24)

159.       Prevention and Management of Postpartum Haemorrhage: Green-top Guideline No. 52. BJOG. 2017;124(5):e106-e149. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.14178(24)

160.       Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, et al. Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 7th ed. Elsevier; 2021:chap 18 (24)

161.       Rossaint R, Afshari A, Bouillon B, et al. The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: sixth edition. Crit Care. 2023;27(1):80. Published 2023 Mar 1. doi:10.1186/s13054-023-04327-7 (24)

162.       Günaydın B. Management of Postpartum Haemorrhage. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim. 2022;50(6):396-402. doi:10.5152/TJAR.2022.21438  (24)

163.       Green L, Knight M, Seeney FM, et al. The epidemiology and outcomes of women with postpartum haemorrhage requiring massive transfusion with eight or more units of red cells: a national cross-sectional study. BJOG. 2016;123(13):2164-2170. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.13831  (24)

164.       Pollock W, Rose L, Dennis CL. Pregnant and postpartum admissions to the intensive care unit: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36(9):1465-1474. doi:10.1007/s00134-010-1951-0  

165.       American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. ATLS® Advanced Trauma Life Support® Student Course Manual. 10th ed. Chicago, IL: American College of Surgeons; 2018. (25, 26,27, 30,38, 62)

166.       Carney N, Totten AM, O'Reilly C, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Fourth Edition. Neurosurgery. 2017;80(1):6-15. doi:10.1227/NEU.0000000000001432   (25,27)

167.       Hawryluk GWJ, Rubiano AM, Totten AM, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: 2020 Update of the Decompressive Craniectomy Recommendations. Neurosurgery. 2020;87(3):427-434. doi:10.1093/neuros/nyaa278 (25)

168.       Yuan Q, Wu X, Sun Y, et al. Impact of intracranial pressure monitoring on mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2015;122(3):574-587. doi:10.3171/2014.10.JNS1460 (25, 45, 62)

169.       Meyfroidt G, Bouzat P, Casaer MP, et al. Management of moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: an update for the intensivist [published correction appears in Intensive Care Med. 2022 Jul;48(7):989-991. doi: 10.1007/s00134-022-06759-1.]. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48(6):649-666. doi:10.1007/s00134-022-06702-4  (25)

170.       Berlowitz DJ, Wadsworth B, Ross J. Respiratory problems and management in people with spinal cord injury. Breathe (Sheff). 2016;12(4):328-340. doi:10.1183/20734735.012616

171.       Picetti E, Demetriades AK, Catena F, et al. Early management of adult traumatic spinal cord injury in patients with polytrauma: a consensus and clinical recommendations jointly developed by the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) & the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS). World J Emerg Surg. 2024;19(1):4. Published 2024 Jan 18. doi:10.1186/s13017-023-00525-4

172.       uest JD, Kelly-Hedrick M, Williamson T, et al. Development of a Systems Medicine Approach to Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma. 2023;40(17-18):1849-1877. doi:10.1089/neu.2023.0024

173.       Bin-Alamer O, Bhenderu LS, Stuebe C, et al. Penetrating spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical features and treatment outcomes. Spinal Cord. 2022;60(10):845-853. doi:10.1038/s41393-022-00813-x

174.       Cadotte DW, Fehlings MG. Spinal cord injury: a systematic review of current treatment options. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469(3):732-741. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1674-0

175.       Smyth L, Bendinelli C, Lee N, et al. WSES guidelines on blunt and penetrating bowel injury: diagnosis, investigations, and treatment. World J Emerg Surg. 2022;17(1):13. Published 2022 Mar 4. doi:10.1186/s13017-022-00418-y (26,27,30)

176.       Meisner M, Adina H, Schmidt J. Correlation of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein to inflammation, complications, and outcome during the intensive care unit course of multiple-trauma patients. Crit Care. 2006;10(1):R1. doi:10.1186/cc3910 (26,27,30)

177.       van der Wilden GM, Velmahos GC, Emhoff T, et al. Successful nonoperative management of the most severe blunt liver injuries: a multicenter study of the research consortium of new England centers for trauma. Arch Surg. 2012;147(5):423-428. doi:10.1001/archsurg.2012.147 (26,27,30

178.       Rossaint R, Afshari A, Bouillon B, et al. The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: sixth edition. Crit Care. 2023;27(1):80. Published 2023 Mar 1. doi:10.1186/s13054-023-04327-7(26,27,30)

179.       Appelbaum RD, Farrell MS, Hoth JJ, et al. Handoffs and transitions of care in the intensive care unit: an American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Critical Care Committee clinical consensus document. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2025;10(1):e001677. Published 2025 Feb 17. doi:10.1136/tsaco-2024-001677 (26,27)

180.       Stassen NA, Bhullar I, Cheng JD, et al. Selective nonoperative management of blunt splenic injury: an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma practice management guideline. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73(5 Suppl 4):S294-S300. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3182702afc (26,30)

181.       Coccolini F, Coimbra R, Ordonez C, et al. Liver trauma: WSES 2020 guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020;15(1):24. Published 2020 Mar 30. doi:10.1186/s13017-020-00302-7 (26)

182.       Coccolini F, Moore EE, Kluger Y, et al. Kidney and uro-trauma: WSES-AAST guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2019;14:54. Published 2019 Dec 2. doi:10.1186/s13017-019-0274-x (26, 30)

183.       Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V, et al. The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: fifth edition. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):98. Published 2019 Mar 27. doi:10.1186/s13054-019-2347-3 (27,30)

184.       Pape, H.-C., Peitzman, A. B., Rotondo, M. F., Giannoudis, P. V., & European Society for Trauma and Emergency Surgery, issuing body. (2017). Damage control management in the polytrauma patient (H.-C. Pape, A. B. Peitzman, M. F. Rotondo, & P. V. Giannoudis, Eds.; Second edition.). Springer.(27)

185.       MacKenzie EJ, Rivara FP, Jurkovich GJ, et al. A national evaluation of the effect of trauma-center care on mortality. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(4):366-378. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa052049 (27, 30)

186.       Shere-Wolfe RF, Galvagno SM Jr, Grissom TE. Critical care considerations in the management of the trauma patient following initial resuscitation. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2012;20:68. Published 2012 Sep 18. doi:10.1186/1757-7241-20-68 (27)

187.       Atiyeh B, Gunn SW, Dibo S. Primary triage of mass burn casualties with associated severe traumatic injuries. Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 2013;26(1):48-52. (28,99)

188.       Hughes A, Almeland SK, Leclerc T, et al. Recommendations for burns care in mass casualty incidents: WHO Emergency Medical Teams Technical Working Group on Burns (WHO TWGB) 2017-2020. Burns. 2021;47(2):349-370. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2020.07.001 (28,99)

189.       Shere-Wolfe RF, Galvagno SM Jr, Grissom TE. Critical care considerations in the management of the trauma patient following initial resuscitation. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2012;20:68. Published 2012 Sep 18. doi:10.1186/1757-7241-20-68 (28,99)

190.       Jeschke MG, van Baar ME, Choudhry MA, Chung KK, Gibran NS, Logsetty S. Burn injury. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):11. Published 2020 Feb 13. doi:10.1038/s41572-020-0145-5 (28)

191.       Erickson MJ, Enkhbaatar P, Lee JO. Inhalation Injury. Semin Plast Surg. 2024;38(2):93-96. Published 2024 Apr 4. doi:10.1055/s-0044-1782646 (28)

192.       Pham TN, Cancio LC, Gibran NS; American Burn Association. American Burn Association practice guidelines burn shock resuscitation. J Burn Care Res. 2008;29(1):257-266. doi:10.1097/BCR.0b013e31815f3876 (28)

193.       Pereira R, Buglevski M, Perdigoto R, et al. Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome in the critically ill liver cirrhotic patient-prevalence and clinical outcomes. A multicentric retrospective cohort study in intensive care. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0251498. Published 2021 May 13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251498 (29, 62)

194.       Kawasaki Y, Kamidani R, Okada H, et al. Midline fasciotomy for severe acute pancreatitis with abdominal compartment syndrome: Case report. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2022;79:104081. Published 2022 Jun 28. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104081 (29, 62)

195.       Akrivos VS, Koutalos A, Stefanou N, Koskiniotis A, Arnaoutoglou C. Crush injury and crush syndrome: a comprehensive review. EFORT Open Rev. 2025;10(6):424-430. Published 2025 Jun 2. doi:10.1530/EOR-2025-0055

196.       Wall CJ, Lynch J, Harris IA, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of acute limb compartment syndrome following trauma. ANZ J Surg. 2010;80(3):151-156. doi:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2010.05213.x (29)

197.       Oğuz, İ., & Şen, I. A. (2024). Analysis of patients with crush syndrome with and without intensive care requirement in the 2023 Kahramanmaraş’s earthquake: A Single-Center experience from Türkiye. Journal of Critical Care, 81,154707.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2024.154707 (29)

198.       Abu-Zidan FM, Jawas A, Idris K, Cevik AA. Surgical and critical care management of earthquake musculoskeletal injuries and crush syndrome: A collective review. Turk J Emerg Med. 2024;24(2):67-79. Published 2024 Apr 4. doi:10.4103/tjem.tjem_11_24

199.       Bielka K, Kuchyn I, Horoshko V. Intensive care units during the Ukraine war: challenges and opportunities. Intensive Care Med. 2023;49(8):1011-1014. doi:10.1007/s00134-023-07117-5 (30)

200.       Cannon JW, Khan MA, Raja AS, et al. Damage control resuscitation in patients with severe traumatic hemorrhage: A practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;82(3):605-617. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000001333 (30)

201.       Shankar-Hari M, Phillips GS, Levy ML, et al. Developing a New Definition and Assessing New Clinical Criteria for Septic Shock: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):775-787. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0289)

202.       ProCESS Investigators, Yealy DM, Kellum JA, et al. A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(18):1683-1693. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1401602

203.       Levy MM, Evans LE, Rhodes A. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Bundle: 2018 update. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(6):925-928. doi:10.1007/s00134-018-5085-0

204.       Angus DC, van der Poll T. Severe sepsis and septic shock [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2013 Nov 21;369(21):2069]. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(9):840-851. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1208623

205.       Luks AM, Auerbach PS, Freer L, et al. Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Acute Altitude Illness: 2019 Update. Wilderness Environ Med. 2019;30(4S):S3-S18. doi:10.1016/j.wem.2019.04.006 (32)

206.       Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Cardiac arrest in special circumstances [published correction appears in Resuscitation. 2021 Oct;167:91-92. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.08.012.]. Resuscitation. 2021;161:152-219. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.011 (32)

207.       Hackett PH, Roach RC. High-altitude illness. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(2):107-114. doi:10.1056/NEJM200107123450206 (32)

208.       Stream JO, Grissom CK. Update on high-altitude pulmonary edema: pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. Wilderness Environ Med. 2008;19(4):293-303. doi:10.1580/07-WEME-REV-173.1 (32)

209.       Moon RE. Hyperbaric treatment of air or gas embolism: current recommendations. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2019;46(5):673-683.(32)

210.       Vann RD, Butler FK, Mitchell SJ, Moon RE. Decompression illness. Lancet. 2011;377(9760):153-164. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61085-9 (32)

211.       Schmidt AC, Sempsrott JR, Hawkins SC, Arastu AS, Cushing TA, Auerbach PS. Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment and Prevention of Drowning: 2019 Update. Wilderness Environ Med. 2019;30(4S):S70-S86. doi:10.1016/j.wem.2019.06.007 (32)

212.       Matsumoto H, Takeba J, Umakoshi K, et al. Successful treatment for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) corresponding to phenotype changes in a heat stroke patient. J Intensive Care. 2019;7:2. Published 2019 Jan 15. doi:10.1186/s40560-019-0359-3 (32)

213.       Zilberberg MD, Epstein SK. Acute lung injury in the medical ICU: comorbid conditions, age, etiology, and hospital outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157(4 Pt 1):1159-1164. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.157.4.9704088 (32)

214.       Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network, Brower RG, Matthay MA, et al. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(18):1301-1308. doi:10.1056/NEJM200005043421801 (32)

215.       Lang HJ, Amito J, Dünser MW, Giera R, Towey R. Intensive-care management of snakebite victims in rural sub-Saharan Africa: An experience from Uganda. South Afr J Crit Care. 2020;36(1):10.7196/SAJCC.2020.v36i1.404. Published 2020 Jul 30. doi:10.7196/SAJCC.2020.v36i1.404 (33)

216.       Al Abri S, Al Rumhi M, Al Mahruqi G, Shakir AS. Scorpion Sting Management at Tertiary and Secondary Care Emergency Departments. Oman Med J. 2019;34(1):9-13. doi:10.5001/omj.2019.02 (33)

217.       Bosnak M, Levent Yilmaz H, Ece A, et al. Severe scorpion envenomation in children: Management in pediatric intensive care unit. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2009;28(11):721-728. doi:10.1177/0960327109350667 (33)

218.       Reis MB, Arantes EC. Immunosuppressive therapies in scorpion envenomation: new perspectives for treatment. Front Toxicol. 2024;6:1503055. Published 2024 Nov 19. doi:10.3389/ftox.2024.1503055 (33)

219.       Godoy DA, Badenes R, Seifi S, Salehi S, Seifi A. Neurological and Systemic Manifestations of Severe Scorpion Envenomation. Cureus. 2021;13(4):e14715. Published 2021 Apr 27. doi:10.7759/cureus.14715 (33)

220.       Baseer KA, Naser MAA. Predictors for Mortality in Children with Scorpion Envenomation Admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Qena Governorate, Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019;101(4):941-945. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.19-0319 (33)

221.       Boyer LV, Theodorou AA, Berg RA, et al. Antivenom for critically ill children with neurotoxicity from scorpion stings. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(20):2090-2098. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0808455 (33)

222.       Sarker, S. K., Salim, M., Hossain, M. M., & Mandal, B. K. (2022). Snake Envenomation in the Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh: A Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of Current and Advance Medical Research, 9(1), 48–55. https://doi.org/10.3329/jcamr.v9i1.59745 (33)

223.       Carvalho J, Moinho R, Macao P, Oliveira G. When snakebites complicate: a paediatric case with shock and compartment syndrome. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(2):e240206. Published 2021 Feb 9. doi:10.1136/bcr-2020-240206 (33)

224.       Matthay MA, Thompson BT, Ware LB. The Berlin definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome: should patients receiving high-flow nasal oxygen be included?. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9(8):933-936. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00105-3 (35,61)

225.       ARDS Definition Task Force, Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition. JAMA. 2012;307(23):2526-2533. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.5669 (35,61)

226.       Liapikou A, Ferrer M, Polverino E, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: validation of the Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society guidelines to predict an intensive care unit admission. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(4):377-385. doi:10.1086/596307 (35, 61)

227.       Phua J, Ngerng WJ, Lim TK. The impact of a delay in intensive care unit admission for community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2010;36(4):826-833. doi:10.1183/09031936.00154209 (35, 61)

228.       Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network, Brower RG, Matthay MA, et al. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(18):1301-1308. doi:10.1056/NEJM200005043421801 ) 35, 61)

229.       Anesi GL, Liu VX, Chowdhury M, et al. Association of ICU Admission and Outcomes in Sepsis and Acute Respiratory Failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;205(5):520-528. doi:10.1164/rccm.202106-1350OC (35, 61)

230.       Zirpe KG, Tiwari AM, Gurav SK, et al. Timing of Invasive Mechanical Ventilation and Mortality among Patients with Severe COVID-19-associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2021;25(5):493-498. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23816  (35, 61)

231.       McDonough G, Khaing P, Treacy T, McGrath C, Yoo EJ. The Use of High-Flow Nasal Oxygen in the ICU as a First-Line Therapy for Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Secondary to Coronavirus Disease 2019. Crit Care Explor. 2020;2(10):e0257. Published 2020 Oct 16. doi:10.1097/CCE.0000000000000257 (35)

232.       Camporota, L., Meadows, C., Ledot, S., Scott, I., Harvey, C., Garcia, M., & Vuylsteke, A. (2021). Consensus on the referral and admission of patients with severe respiratory failure to the NHS ECMO service. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 9(2), e16-e17. (35)

233.       Hendrickson KW, Peltan ID, Brown SM. The Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Before and After Coronavirus Disease 2019. Crit Care Clin. 2021;37(4):703-716. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2021.05.001 (35)

234.       Zhao L, Su F, Zhang N, et al. The impact of the new acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) criteria on Berlin criteria ARDS patients: a multicenter cohort study [published correction appears in BMC Med. 2024 Nov 9;22(1):515. doi: 10.1186/s12916-024-03750-z.]. BMC Med. 2023;21(1):456. Published 2023 Nov 23. doi:10.1186/s12916-023-03144-7 (35)

235.       Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Heart J. 2020;41(4):543-603. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz405 (36)

236.       Jaff MR, McMurtry MS, Archer SL, et al. Management of massive and submassive pulmonary embolism, iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association [published correction appears in Circulation. 2012 Aug 14;126(7):e104] [published correction appears in Circulation. 2012 Mar 20;125(11):e495]. Circulation. 2011;123(16):1788-1830. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e318214914f (36)

237.       Meyer G, Vicaut E, Danays T, et al. Fibrinolysis for patients with intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(15):1402-1411. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1302097 (36)

238.       Konstantinides SV, Torbicki A, Agnelli G, et al. 2014 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism [published correction appears in Eur Heart J. 2015 Oct 14;36(39):2666. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv131.] [published correction appears in Eur Heart J. 2015 Oct 14;36(39):2642. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu479.]. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(43):3033-3069k. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu283 (36)

239.       Charya AV, Holden VK, Pickering EM. Management of life-threatening hemoptysis in the ICU. J Thorac Dis. 2021;13(8):5139-5158. doi:10.21037/jtd-19-3991 (37)

240.       O'Gurek D, Choi HYJ. Hemoptysis: Evaluation and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2022;105(2):144-151. (37)

241.       Atchinson PRA, Hatton CJ, Roginski MA, Backer ED, Long B, Lentz SA. The emergency department evaluation and management of massive hemoptysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;50:148-155. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2021.07.041 (37)

242.       Ong TH, Eng P. Massive hemoptysis requiring intensive care. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29(2):317-320. doi:10.1007/s00134-002-1553-6 (37)

243.       Lordan JL, Gascoigne A, Corris PA. The pulmonary physician in critical care * Illustrative case 7: Assessment and management of massive haemoptysis. Thorax. 2003;58(9):814-819. doi:10.1136/thorax.58.9.814 (37)

244.       Gagnon S, Quigley N, Dutau H, Delage A, Fortin M. Approach to Hemoptysis in the Modern Era. Can Respir J. 2017;2017:1565030. doi:10.1155/2017/1565030 (37)

245.       Roberts DJ, Leigh-Smith S, Faris PD, et al. Clinical Presentation of Patients With Tension Pneumothorax: A Systematic Review. Ann Surg. 2015;261(6):1068-1078. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000001073 (38)

246.       Roberts DJ, Leigh-Smith S, Faris PD, et al. Clinical Presentation of Patients With Tension Pneumothorax: A Systematic Review. Ann Surg. 2015;261(6):1068-1078. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000001073 (38)

247.       Leigh-Smith S, Harris T. Tension pneumothorax--time for a re-think?. Emerg Med J. 2005;22(1):8-16. doi:10.1136/emj.2003.010421 (38)

248.       Thachuthara-George J. Pneumothorax in patients with respiratory failure in ICU. J Thorac Dis. 2021;13(8):5195-5204. doi:10.21037/jtd-19-3752 (38)

249.       Zarogoulidis P, Kioumis I, Pitsiou G, et al. Pneumothorax: from definition to diagnosis and treatment. J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(Suppl 4):S372-S376. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.09.2 (38)

250.       de Lassence A, Timsit JF, Tafflet M, et al. Pneumothorax in the intensive care unit: incidence, risk factors, and outcome. Anesthesiology. 2006;104(1):5-13. doi:10.1097/00000542-200601000-00003 (38)

251.       Ball CG, Kirkpatrick AW, Feliciano DV. The occult pneumothorax: what have we learned?. Can J Surg. 2009;52(5):E173-E179. (38)

252.       Hooper C, Lee YC, Maskell N; BTS Pleural Guideline Group. Investigation of a unilateral pleural effusion in adults: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65 Suppl 2:ii4-ii17. doi:10.1136/thx.2010.136978  (39)

253.       Bateman M, Alkhatib A, John T, Parikh M, Kheir F. Pleural Effusion Outcomes in Intensive Care: Analysis of a Large Clinical Database. J Intensive Care Med. 2020;35(1):48-54. doi:10.1177/0885066619872449 (39)

254.       Feller-Kopman DJ, Reddy CB, DeCamp MM, et al. Management of Malignant Pleural Effusions. An Official ATS/STS/STR Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198(7):839-849. doi:10.1164/rccm.201807-1415ST (39)

255.       Maslove DM, Chen BT, Wang H, Kuschner WG. The diagnosis and management of pleural effusions in the ICU. J Intensive Care Med. 2013;28(1):24-36. doi:10.1177/0885066611403264 (39)

256.       Walden AP, Jones QC, Matsa R, Wise MP. Pleural effusions on the intensive care unit; hidden morbidity with therapeutic potential. Respirology. 2013;18(2):246-254. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02279.x (39)

257.       Bediwy AS, Al-Biltagi M, Saeed NK, Bediwy HA, Elbeltagi R. Pleural effusion in critically ill patients and intensive care setting. World J Clin Cases. 2023;11(5):989-999. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v11.i5.989 (39)

258.       Azoulay E. Pleural effusions in the intensive care unit. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2003;9(4):291-297. doi:10.1097/00063198-200307000-00008 (39)

259.       Janmeja, A.K.; Mohapatra, P. R.; Saini, M. S.; Khurana, A.. REEXPANSION PULMONARY EDEMA- A CASE REPORT. Lung India 24(2):p 72-74, Apr–Jun 2007. | DOI: 10.4103/0970-2113.44217  (39)

260.       Mattison LE, Coppage L, Alderman DF, Herlong JO, Sahn SA. Pleural effusions in the medical ICU: prevalence, causes, and clinical implications. Chest. 1997;111(4):1018-1023. doi:10.1378/chest.111.4.1018  (39)

261.       Jany B, Welte T. Pleural Effusion in Adults-Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2019;116(21):377-386. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2019.0377 (39)

262.       Rochwerg B, Brochard L, Elliott MW, et al. Official ERS/ATS clinical practice guidelines: noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Eur Respir J. 2017;50(2):1602426. Published 2017 Aug 31. doi:10.1183/13993003.02426-2016 (40,41,54,61)

263.       Osadnik CR, Tee VS, Carson-Chahhoud KV, Picot J, Wedzicha JA, Smith BJ. Non-invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;7(7):CD004104. Published 2017 Jul 13. (40, 61)

264.       Talbot T, Roe T, Dushianthan A. Management of Acute Life-Threatening Asthma Exacerbations in the Intensive Care Unit. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(2):693. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14020693 (40)

265.       Gayen S, Dachert S, Lashari BH, et al. Critical Care Management of Severe Asthma Exacerbations. J Clin Med. 2024;13(3):859. Published 2024 Feb 1. doi:10.3390/jcm13030859 (40)

266.       Watson AJR, Roe T, Arscott O, Thomas C, Ward J, Beecham R, Browning D, Saeed K, Dushianthan A. Characteristics, Management, and Outcomes of Acute Life-Threatening Asthma in Adult Intensive Care. Clinics and Practice. 2024; 14(5):1886-1897. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14050149 (40)

267.       Agusti A, Vogelmeier CF. GOLD 2024: a brief overview of key changes. J Bras Pneumol. 2023;49(6):e20230369. Published 2023 Dec 22. doi:10.36416/1806-3756/e20230369 (40)

268.       Papiris S, Kotanidou A, Malagari K, Roussos C. Clinical review: severe asthma. Crit Care. 2002;6(1):30-44. doi:10.1186/cc1451

269.       Talbot T, Roe T, Dushianthan A. Management of Acute Life-Threatening Asthma Exacerbations in the Intensive Care Unit. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(2):693. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14020693

270.       Laksono, Sidhi^1,2; Angkasa, Irwan Surya³. Dyspnea in Emergency Settings: Up-to-date Diagnosing and Management in the Emergency Department. Current Medical Issues 22(1):p 37-44, Jan–Mar 2024. | DOI: 10.4103/cmi.cmi_117_23 (41)

271.       DeVos E, Jacobson L. Approach to Adult Patients with Acute Dyspnea. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2016;34(1):129-149. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2015.08.008 (41)

272.       Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Meredith P, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI. The ability of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) to discriminate patients at risk of early cardiac arrest, unanticipated intensive care unit admission, and death. Resuscitation. 2013;84(4):465-470. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.12.016

273.       Duyu M, Karakaya Altun Z, Yildiz S. Nontraumatic coma in the pediatric intensive care unit: etiology, clinical characteristics and outcome. Turk J Med Sci. 2021;51(1):214-223. Published 2021 Feb 26. doi:10.3906/sag-2004-330 (42)

274.       Nolan JP, Sandroni C, Böttiger BW, et al. European Resuscitation Council and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine guidelines 2021: post-resuscitation care. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47(4):369-421. doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06368-4 (42)

275.       Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(7):1335-1343. doi:10.2337/dc09-9032 (42)

276.       Horsting MW, Franken MD, Meulenbelt J, van Klei WA, de Lange DW. The etiology and outcome of non-traumatic coma in critical care: a systematic review. BMC Anesthesiol. 2015;15:65. Published 2015 Apr 29. doi:10.1186/s12871-015-0041-9 (42)

277.       Wijdicks EF, Bamlet WR, Maramattom BV, Manno EM, McClelland RL. Validation of a new coma scale: The FOUR score. Ann Neurol. 2005;58(4):585-593. doi:10.1002/ana.20611 (42)

278.       Sandroni C, Cronberg T, Sekhon M. Brain injury after cardiac arrest: pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47(12):1393-1414. doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06548-2 (42)

279.       Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: 2019 Update to the 2018 Guidelines for the Early Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association [published correction appears in Stroke. 2019 Dec;50(12):e440-e441. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000215.]. Stroke. 2019;50(12):e344-e418. doi:10.1161/STR.0000000000000211 (43, 44,45)

280.       Hemphill JC 3rd, Greenberg SM, Anderson CS, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2015;46(7):2032-2060. doi:10.1161/STR.0000000000000069 (43, 44,45)

281.       Connolly ES Jr, Rabinstein AA, Carhuapoma JR, et al. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/american Stroke Association. Stroke. 2012;43(6):1711-1737. doi:10.1161/STR.0b013e3182587839 (43, 44,45)

282.       Omar WM, Khader IRA, Hani SB, ALBashtawy M. The Glasgow Coma Scale and Full Outline of Unresponsiveness score evaluation to predict patient outcomes with neurological illnesses in intensive care units in West Bank: a prospective cross-sectional study. Acute Crit Care. 2024;39(3):408-419. doi:10.4266/acc.2024.00570 (43)

283.       Musick S, Alberico A. Neurologic Assessment of the Neurocritical Care Patient. Front Neurol. 2021;12:588989. Published 2021 Mar 22. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.588989 (43)

284.       Kramer AH, Zygun DA. Do neurocritical care units save lives? Measuring the impact of specialized ICUs. Neurocrit Care. 2011;14(3):329-333. doi:10.1007/s12028-011-9530-y

285.       Steiner T, Purrucker JC, Aguiar de Sousa D, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) and European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS) guideline on stroke due to spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. Eur Stroke J. Published online May 22, 2025. doi:10.1177/23969873251340815 (44)

286.       Berge E, Whiteley W, Audebert H, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Eur Stroke J. 2021;6(1):I-LXII. doi:10.1177/2396987321989865 (44)

287.       Sandset EC, Anderson CS, Bath PM, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on blood pressure management in acute ischaemic stroke and intracerebral haemorrhage. Eur Stroke J. 2021;6(2):XLVIII-LXXXIX. doi:10.1177/23969873211012133

288.       An SJ, Kim TJ, Yoon BW. Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Features of Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Update. J Stroke. 2017;19(1):3-10. doi:10.5853/jos.2016.00864 (44,45)

289.       Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(9):CD000197. Published 2013 Sep 11. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000197.pub3 (44, 45)

290.       Moughal S, Trippier S, Al-Mousa A, et al. Strokectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: experience and meta-analysis of current evidence. J Neurol. 2022;269(1):149-158. doi:10.1007/s00415-020-10358-9

291.       Cook AM, Morgan Jones G, Hawryluk GWJ, et al. Guidelines for the Acute Treatment of Cerebral Edema in Neurocritical Care Patients. Neurocrit Care. 2020;32(3):647-666. doi:10.1007/s12028-020-00959-7 (45,46)

292.       Latifi AN, Gopal V, Raissi S. Focal Neurological Deficit Secondary to Severe Hyponatraemia Mimicking Stroke. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med. 2019;6(10):001244. Published 2019 Oct 11. doi:10.12890/2019_001244 (45)

293.       Deshpande HH, Jagiasi BG, Thorat SS. Approach to focal neurological deficit. In: Deshpande HH, Jagiasi BG, Thorat SS, eds. Manual of Neurocritical Care. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2023:130. (45)

294.       van Doorn PA, Van den Bergh PYK, Hadden RDM, et al. European Academy of Neurology/Peripheral Nerve Society Guideline on diagnosis and treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Eur J Neurol. 2023;30(12):3646-3674. doi:10.1111/ene.16073

295.       Wiendl H, Abicht A, Chan A, et al. Guideline for the management of myasthenic syndromes [published correction appears in Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2024 Apr 30;17:17562864241246400. doi: 10.1177/17562864241246400.]. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2023;16:17562864231213240. Published 2023 Dec 26. doi:10.1177/17562864231213240

296.       Wendell LC, Levine JM. Myasthenic crisis. Neurohospitalist. 2011;1(1):16-22. doi:10.1177/1941875210382918 (50)

297.       Bellanti R, Rinaldi S. Guillain-Barré syndrome: a comprehensive review. Eur J Neurol. 2024;31(8):e16365. doi:10.1111/ene.16365 (50)

298.       Pritchard J. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Clin Med (Lond). 2010;10(4):399-401. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.10-4-399 (50)

299.       Walgaard C, Lingsma HF, Ruts L, et al. Prediction of respiratory insufficiency in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol. 2010;67(6):781-787. doi:10.1002/ana.21976 (50)

300.       Leonhard SE, Mandarakas MR, Gondim FAA, et al. Diagnosis and management of Guillain-Barré syndrome in ten steps. Nat Rev Neurol. 2019;15(11):671-683. doi:10.1038/s41582-019-0250-9 (50)

301.       Costa Oliveira, D., Xavier Pires, S., Santos, A. (2023). The Approach to a Patient with a Myasthenic Crisis in an Intensive Care Unit. In: Pérez-Torres, D., Martínez-Martínez, M., Schaller, S.J. (eds) Best 2022 Clinical Cases in Intensive Care Medicine. Lessons from the ICU. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36398-6_60 (50)

302.       Sanders DB, Wolfe GI, Benatar M, et al. International consensus guidance for management of myasthenia gravis: Executive summary. Neurology. 2016;87(4):419-425. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002790 (50)

303.       Hughes RA, Swan AV, van Doorn PA. Intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(9):CD002063. Published 2014 Sep 19. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002063.pub6 (50)

304.       Narayanaswami P, Sanders DB, Wolfe G, et al. International Consensus Guidance for Management of Myasthenia Gravis: 2020 Update. Neurology. 2021;96(3):114-122. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000011124 (50)

305.       van de Beek D, Cabellos C, Dzupova O, et al. ESCMID guideline: diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22 Suppl 3:S37-S62. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.01.007 (46)

306.       El-Hajj VG, Pettersson I, Gharios M, et al. Detection and Management of Elevated Intracranial Pressure in the Treatment of Acute Community-Acquired Bacterial Meningitis: A Systematic Review. Neurocrit Care. 2024;41(1):228-243. doi:10.1007/s12028-023-01937-5

307.       Glimåker M, Johansson B, Grindborg Ö, Bottai M, Lindquist L, Sjölin J. Adult bacterial meningitis: earlier treatment and improved outcome following guideline revision promoting prompt lumbar puncture. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(8):1162-1169. doi:10.1093/cid/civ011

308.       Moller K, Skinhoj P. Guidelines for managing acute bacterial meningitis. BMJ. 2000;320(7245):1290. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7245.1290

309.       Sonneville R, de Montmollin E, Contou D, et al. Clinical features, etiologies, and outcomes in adult patients with meningoencephalitis requiring intensive care (EURECA): an international prospective multicenter cohort study [published correction appears in Intensive Care Med. 2025 Feb;51(2):454-455. doi: 10.1007/s00134-025-07792-6.]. Intensive Care Med. 2023;49(5):517-529. doi:10.1007/s00134-023-07032-9
(46)

310.       Valdoleiros SR, Torrão C, Freitas LS, Mano D, Gonçalves C, Teixeira C. Nosocomial meningitis in intensive care: a 10-year retrospective study and literature review. Acute Crit Care. 2022;37(1):61-70. doi:10.4266/acc.2021.01151 (46)

311.       Jaubert P, Charpentier J, Benghanem S, et al. Meningitis in critically ill patients admitted to intensive care unit for severe community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia. Ann Intensive Care. 2023;13(1):129. Published 2023 Dec 18. doi:10.1186/s13613-023-01211-z (46)

312.       Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(9):1267-1284. doi:10.1086/425368 (45)

313.       Tunkel AR, Hasbun R, Bhimraj A, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America's Clinical Practice Guidelines for Healthcare-Associated Ventriculitis and Meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64(6):e34-e65. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw861 (46)

314.       Guillem L, Hernández-Pérez G, Berbel D, Pelegrín I, Falip M, Cabellos C. Seizure prophylaxis in pneumococcal meningitis, cohort study. Epilepsia Open. 2024;9(6):2319-2330. doi:10.1002/epi4.13054 (46)

315.       van de Beek D, de Gans J, Spanjaard L, Weisfelt M, Reitsma JB, Vermeulen M. Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 3;352(9):950]. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(18):1849-1859. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040845 (46)

316.       de Gans J, van de Beek D; European Dexamethasone in Adulthood Bacterial Meningitis Study Investigators. Dexamethasone in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(20):1549-1556. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021334 (46)

317.       Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care. 2012;17(1):3-23. doi:10.1007/s12028-012-9695-z (47)

318.       Glauser T, Shinnar S, Gloss D, et al. Evidence-Based Guideline: Treatment of Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children and Adults: Report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy Curr. 2016;16(1):48-61. doi:10.5698/1535-7597-16.1.48 (47)

319.       Claassen J, Goldstein JN. Emergency Neurological Life Support: Status Epilepticus. Neurocrit Care. 2017;27(Suppl 1):152-158. doi:10.1007/s12028-017-0460-1 (47)

320.       Wang X, Yang F, Chen B, Jiang W. Non-convulsive seizures and non-convulsive status epilepticus in neuro-intensive care unit. Acta Neurol Scand. 2022;146(6):752-760. doi:10.1111/ane.13718 (47)

321.       Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care. 2012;17(1):3-23. doi:10.1007/s12028-012-9695-z (47)

322.       Sutter R, Rüegg S, Kaplan PW. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of nonconvulsive status epilepticus: Opening Pandora's box. Neurol Clin Pract. 2012;2(4):275-286. doi:10.1212/CPJ.0b013e318278be75 (47)

323.       Claassen, J., Riviello, J.J. & Silbergleit, R. Emergency Neurological Life Support: Status Epilepticus. Neurocrit Care 23 (Suppl 2), 136–142 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-015-0172-3 (47)

324.       Laccheo I, Sonmezturk H, Bhatt AB, et al. Non-convulsive status epilepticus and non-convulsive seizures in neurological ICU patients. Neurocrit Care. 2015;22(2):202-211. doi:10.1007/s12028-014-0070-0 (47)

325.       LaRoche, S.M., Haider, H.A. (2018). The Management of Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus in Adults. In: Drislane, F., Kaplan MBBS, P. (eds) Status Epilepticus. Current Clinical Neurology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58200-9_24

326.       Bermeo-Ovalle A. Pick Your Poison but Pick It Wisely: Choosing a Second-Line Medication for the Management of Status Epilepticus. Epilepsy Curr. 2020;20(5):278-281. Published 2020 Sep 2. doi:10.1177/1535759720949252 (47)

327.       Treiman DM, Meyers PD, Walton NY, et al. A comparison of four treatments for generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Veterans Affairs Status Epilepticus Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(12):792-798. doi:10.1056/NEJM199809173391202 (47)

328.       Kapur J, Elm J, Chamberlain JM, et al. Randomized Trial of Three Anticonvulsant Medications for Status Epilepticus. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(22):2103-2113. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1905795  (47)

329.       Apfelbaum JL, Silverstein JH, Chung FF, et al. Practice guidelines for postanesthetic care: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Postanesthetic Care. Anesthesiology. 2013;118(2):291-307.

330.       Aldecoa C, Bettelli G, Bilotta F, et al. Update of the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine evidence-based and consensus-based guideline on postoperative delirium in adult patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2024;41(2):81-108. doi:10.1097/EJA.0000000000001876

331.       Lavezzo B, Biancofiore G, Luca E, et al. Planning intensive care unit admission after elective major abdominal surgery: good clinical practice document by SIAARTI-SIC-ANIARTI. J Anesth Analg Crit Care. 2025;5(1):20. Published 2025 Apr 14. doi:10.1186/s44158-025-00239-w (48)

332.       Ylimartimo AT, Koskela M, Lahtinen S, Kaakinen T, Vakkala M, Liisanantti J. Outcomes in patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission after emergency laparotomy: A retrospective study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2022;66(8):954-960. doi:10.1111/aas.14103  (48)

333.       Ohbe H, Matsui H, Kumazawa R, Yasunaga H. Intensive care unit versus high dependency care unit admission after emergency surgery: a nationwide in-patient registry study. Br J Anaesth. 2022;129(4):527-535. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2022.06.030 (48, 49)

334.       Apfelbaum JL, Silverstein JH, Chung FF, et al. Practice guidelines for postanesthetic care: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Postanesthetic Care. Anesthesiology. 2013;118(2):291-307. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31827773e9 (48)

335.       Haller G, Myles PS, Wolfe R, Weeks AM, Stoelwinder J, McNeil J. Validity of unplanned admission to an intensive care unit as a measure of patient safety in surgical patients. Anesthesiology. 2005;103(6):1121-1129. doi:10.1097/00000542-200512000-00004 (48)

336.       Gillies MA, Power GS, Harrison DA, et al. Regional variation in critical care provision and outcome after high-risk surgery. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(10):1809-1816. doi:10.1007/s00134-015-3980-1 (49)

337.       Khwaja A. KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury. Nephron Clin Pract. 2012;120(4):c179-c184. doi:10.1159/000339789

338.       Gong K, Lee HK, Yu K, Xie X, Li J. A prediction and interpretation framework of acute kidney injury in critical care. J Biomed Inform. 2021;113:103653. doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2020.103653 (51)

339.       Chen WY, Cai LH, Zhang ZH, et al. The timing of continuous renal replacement therapy initiation in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit: the CRTSAKI Study (Continuous RRT Timing in Sepsis-associated AKI in ICU): study protocol for a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2021;11(2):e040718. Published 2021 Feb 19. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040718

340.       Santos PR, Monteiro DL. Acute kidney injury in an intensive care unit of a general hospital with emergency room specializing in trauma: an observational prospective study. BMC Nephrol. 2015;16:30. Published 2015 Mar 19. doi:10.1186/s12882-015-0026-4 (51)

341.       Abd ElHafeez S, Tripepi G, Quinn R, et al. Risk, Predictors, and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Units in Egypt. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):17163. Published 2017 Dec 7. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17264-7

342.       Hoste EA, Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R, et al. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the multinational AKI-EPI study. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(8):1411-1423. doi:10.1007/s00134-015-3934-7

343.       Pickkers P, Darmon M, Hoste E, et al. Acute kidney injury in the critically ill: an updated review on pathophysiology and management. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47(8):835-850. doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06454-7

344.       Naka T, Bellomo R. Bench-to-bedside review: treating acid-base abnormalities in the intensive care unit--the role of renal replacement therapy. Crit Care. 2004;8(2):108-114. doi:10.1186/cc2821

345.       Achanti A, Szerlip HM. Acid-Base Disorders in the Critically Ill Patient. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2023;18(1):102-112. doi:10.2215/CJN.04500422 (52)

346.       Chua HR, Schneider A, Bellomo R. Bicarbonate in diabetic ketoacidosis - a systematic review. Ann Intensive Care. 2011;1(1):23. Published 2011 Jul 6. doi:10.1186/2110-5820-1-23 (52)

347.       Barletta JF, Muir J, Brown J, Dzierba A. A Systematic Approach to Understanding Acid-Base Disorders in the Critically Ill. Ann Pharmacother. 2024;58(1):65-75. doi:10.1177/10600280231165787

348.       Jaber S, Paugam C, Futier E, et al. Sodium bicarbonate therapy for patients with severe metabolic acidaemia in the intensive care unit (BICAR-ICU): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled, phase 3 trial [published correction appears in Lancet. 2018 Dec 8;392(10163):2440. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)33040-X.]. Lancet. 2018;392(10141):31-40. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31080-8

349.       Cerdá J, Tolwani AJ, Warnock DG. Critical care nephrology: management of acid-base disorders with CRRT. Kidney Int. 2012;82(1):9-18. doi:10.1038/ki.2011.243 (51,52)

350.       Sithole N, Lalla U, Davids MR, Chothia MY. The frequency of acid-base disorders on admission to the intensive care and its association with in-hospital outcome, Cape Town, South Africa: a retrospective cohort study. Pan Afr Med J. 2022;42:130. Published 2022 Jun 16. doi:10.11604/pamj.2022.42.130.32570

351.       Jung B, Rimmele T, Le Goff C, et al. Severe metabolic or mixed acidemia on intensive care unit admission: incidence, prognosis and administration of buffer therapy. A prospective, multiple-center study. Crit Care. 2011;15(5):R238. doi:10.1186/cc10487

352.       Montague BT, Ouellette JR, Buller GK. Retrospective review of the frequency of ECG changes in hyperkalemia. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3(2):324-330. doi:10.2215/CJN.04611007

353.       Soar J, Perkins GD, Abbas G, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: Electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation. 2010;81(10):1400-1433. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.015

354.       Goyal A, Spertus JA, Gosch K, et al. Serum potassium levels and mortality in acute myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2012;307(2):157-164. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1967

355.       Dépret F, Peacock WF, Liu KD, Rafique Z, Rossignol P, Legrand M. Management of hyperkalemia in the acutely ill patient. Ann Intensive Care. 2019;9(1):32. Published 2019 Feb 28. doi:10.1186/s13613-019-0509-8

356.       Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperkalemia. Cleve Clin J Med. 2017;84(12):934-942. doi:10.3949/ccjm.84a.17056

357.       Vital FM, Ladeira MT, Atallah AN. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (CPAP or bilevel NPPV) for cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(5):CD005351. Published 2013 May 31. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005351.pub3 (54)

358.       McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure [published correction appears in Eur Heart J. 2021 Dec 21;42(48):4901. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab670.]. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599-3726. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368

359.       Muaddi L, Ledgerwood C, Sheridan R, Dumont T, Nashar K. Acute Renal Failure and Its Complications, Indications for Emergent Dialysis, and Dialysis Modalities. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2022;45(3):258-265. doi:10.1097/CNQ.0000000000000410

360.       Adler Y, Charron P, Imazio M, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Endorsed by: The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2015;36(42):2921-2964. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv318

361.       Rehman KA, Betancor J, Xu B, et al. Uremic pericarditis, pericardial effusion, and constrictive pericarditis in end-stage renal disease: Insights and pathophysiology. Clin Cardiol. 2017;40(10):839-846. doi:10.1002/clc.22770

362.       Baldwin JJ, Edwards JE. Uremic pericarditis as a cause of cardiac tamponade. Circulation. 1976;53(5):896-901. doi:10.1161/01.cir.53.5.896

363.       European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53(3):397-417. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.05.004

364.       Angeli P, Gines P, Wong F, et al. Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites. Gut. 2015;64(4):531-537. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308874

365.       Facciorusso A. Hepatorenal Syndrome Type 1: Current Challenges And Future Prospects. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2019;15:1383-1391. Published 2019 Nov 27. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S205328

366.       Mindikoglu AL, Pappas SC. New Developments in Hepatorenal Syndrome [published correction appears in Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Jun;16(6):988. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.03.038.]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(2):162-177.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2017.05.041

367.       Runyon BA. Management of adult patients with ascites caused by cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1998;27(1):264-272. doi:10.1002/hep.510270139

368.       O'Leary JG, Levitsky J, Wong F, Nadim MK, Charlton M, Kim WR. Protecting the Kidney in Liver Transplant Candidates: Practice-Based Recommendations From the American Society of Transplantation Liver and Intestine Community of Practice. Am J Transplant. 2016;16(9):2516-2531. doi:10.1111/ajt.13790

369.       Wong F, Pappas SC, Curry MP, et al. Terlipressin plus Albumin for the Treatment of Type 1 Hepatorenal Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(9):818-828. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2008290

370.       Ghannoum M, Gosselin S, Hoffman RS, et al. Extracorporeal treatment for ethylene glycol poisoning: systematic review and recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup. Crit Care. 2023;27(1):56. Published 2023 Feb 10. doi:10.1186/s13054-022-04227-2

371.       Woolf AD, Erdman AR, Nelson LS, et al. Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2007;45(3):203-233. doi:10.1080/15563650701226192

372.       Heard K, Zuckerman M. Approach to the Poisoned Patient. J Educ Teach Emerg Med. 2021;6(1):L1-L4. Published 2021 Jan 15. doi:10.21980/J8264S

373.       Boyle JS, Bechtel LK, Holstege CP. Management of the critically poisoned patient. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2009;17:29. Published 2009 Jun 29. doi:10.1186/1757-7241-17-29

374.       Madden MA. Pediatric Toxicology: Emerging Trends. J Pediatr Intensive Care. 2015;4(2):103-110. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1556753

375.       St-Onge M, Anseeuw K, Cantrell FL, et al. Experts Consensus Recommendations for the Management of Calcium Channel Blocker Poisoning in Adults. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(3):e306-e315. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002087

376.       Chiew AL, Reith D, Pomerleau A, et al. Updated guidelines for the management of paracetamol poisoning in Australia and New Zealand. Med J Aust. 2020;212(4):175-183. doi:10.5694/mja2.50428

377.       Kushimoto S, Gando S, Saitoh D, et al. The impact of body temperature abnormalities on the disease severity and outcome in patients with severe sepsis: an analysis from a multicenter, prospective survey of severe sepsis. Crit Care. 2013;17(6):R271. Published 2013 Nov 13. doi:10.1186/cc13106 (60)

378.       Laupland KB, Zahar JR, Adrie C, et al. Severe hypothermia increases the risk for intensive care unit-acquired infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(8):1064-1070. doi:10.1093/cid/cir1033

379.       Kushimoto S, Gando S, Saitoh D, et al. The impact of body temperature abnormalities on the disease severity and outcome in patients with severe sepsis: an analysis from a multicenter, prospective survey of severe sepsis. Crit Care. 2013;17(6):R271. Published 2013 Nov 13. doi:10.1186/cc13106

380.       Driver J, Fielding A, Mullhi R, Chipp E, Torlinski T. Temperature management of adult burn patients in intensive care: findings from a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary centre in the United Kingdom. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2022;54(3):226-233. doi:10.5114/ait.2022.119131

381.       Launey Y, Nesseler N, Mallédant Y, Seguin P. Clinical review: fever in septic ICU patients--friend or foe?. Crit Care. 2011;15(3):222. doi:10.1186/cc10097

382.       Perera P, Mailhot T, Riley D, Mandavia D. The RUSH exam: Rapid Ultrasound in SHock in the evaluation of the critically lll. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2010;28(1):29-vii. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2009.09.010 (62)

383.       Yang J, Liu F, Liang Y, Guo C, Wang J, Chen X. Massive Hemoptysis in Children. Can Respir J. 2020;2020:6414719. Published 2020 Jun 6. doi:10.1155/2020/6414719 (62)

384.       Moughal S, Trippier S, Al-Mousa A, et al. Strokectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: experience and meta-analysis of current evidence. J Neurol. 2022;269(1):149-158. doi:10.1007/s00415-020-10358-9 (62)

385.       Freifeld AG, Bow EJ, Sepkowitz KA, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of america. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(4):e56-e93. doi:10.1093/cid/cir073 (63)

386.       Omidkhoda N, Abedi F, Ghavami V, et al. The Effect of Heparin and Its Preparations on Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Mortality and Hospitalization: A Systematic Review. Int J Clin Pract. 2022;2022:2226761. Published 2022 Jul 9. doi:10.1155/2022/2226761 (63)

387.       Coiffier B, Altman A, Pui CH, Younes A, Cairo MS. Guidelines for the management of pediatric and adult tumor lysis syndrome: an evidence-based review [published correction appears in J Clin Oncol. 2010 Feb 1;28(4):708]. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(16):2767-2778. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.15.0177 (51,53, 63)

388.       Rosales M, Roncon S, Mariz M, Ferreira AM, Faria F, Santos L. Therapeutic Leukapheresis: Experience of a Single Oncologic Centre. Transfus Med Hemother. 2022;49(4):250-257. Published 2022 Feb 1. doi:10.1159/000520933 (63)

389.       Rafat C, Schortgen F, Gaudry S, et al. Use of desmopressin acetate in severe hyponatremia in the intensive care unit. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(2):229-237. doi:10.2215/CJN.00950113 (63)

390.       Lekwijit S, Chan CW, Green LV, Liu VX, Escobar GJ. The Impact of Step-Down Unit Care on Patient Outcomes After ICU Discharge. Crit Care Explor. 2020;2(5):e0114. Published 2020 May 6. doi:10.1097/CCE.0000000000000114

391.       Song MJ, Lee YJ. Strategies for successful implementation and permanent maintenance of a rapid response system. Korean J Intern Med. 2021;36(5):1031-1039. doi:10.3904/kjim.2020.693

392.       Kansagara D, Fu R, Freeman M, Wolf F, Helfand M. Intensive insulin therapy in hospitalized patients: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(4):268-282. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-154-4-201102150-00008

393.       Cryer PE, Axelrod L, Grossman AB, et al. Evaluation and management of adult hypoglycemic disorders: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(3):709-728. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1410 (64)

394.       Umpierrez G, Korytkowski M. Diabetic emergencies - ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and hypoglycaemia. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016;12(4):222-232. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.15 (64)

395.       Yao RQ, Ren C, Wu GS, Zhu YB, Xia ZF, Yao YM. Is intensive glucose control bad for critically ill patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16(9):1658-1675. Published 2020 Mar 12. doi:10.7150/ijbs.43447 (64)

396.       Abir M, Choi H, Cooke CR, Wang SC, Davis MM. Effect of a mass casualty incident: clinical outcomes and hospital charges for casualty patients versus concurrent inpatients. Acad Emerg Med. 2012;19(3):280-286. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01278.x

397.       Marcozzi DE, Pietrobon R, Lawler JV, et al. Development of a Hospital Medical Surge Preparedness Index using a national hospital survey. Health Serv Outcomes Res Methodol. 2020;20(1):60-83. doi:10.1007/s10742-020-00208-6

398.       Ball CG, Kirkpatrick AW, Mulloy RH, Gmora S, Findlay C, Hameed SM. The impact of multiple casualty incidents on clinical outcomes. J Trauma. 2006;61(5):1036-1039. doi:10.1097/01.ta.0000231764.00067.5

399.       Abir M, Davis MM, Sankar P, Wong AC, Wang SC. Design of a model to predict surge capacity bottlenecks for burn mass casualties at a large academic medical center. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(1):23-32. doi:10.1017/S1049023X12001513

400.       Lavery GG, Horan E. Clinical review: communication and logistics in the response to the 1998 terrorist bombing in Omagh, Northern Ireland. Crit Care. 2005;9(4):401-408. doi:10.1186/cc350

401.       Culley JM, Effken JA. Development and validation of a mass casualty conceptual model. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2010;42(1):66-75. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2009.01320.x

402.       Agnoletti V, Russo E, Circelli A, et al. From intensive care to step-down units: Managing patients throughput in response to COVID-19. Int J Qual Health Care. 2021;33(1):mzaa091. doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzaa091

403.       Joynt GM, Loo S, Taylor BL, et al. Chapter 3. Coordination and collaboration with interface units. Recommendations and standard operating procedures for intensive care unit and hospital preparations for an influenza epidemic or mass disaster. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S21-S31. doi:10.1007/s00134-010-1762-3

404.       Afriyie-Mensah J, Aboagye ET, Ganu VJ, et al. Clinical and therapeutic outcomes of COVID-19 intensive care units (ICU) patients: a retrospective study in Ghana. Pan Afr Med J. 2021;38:107. Published 2021 Feb 2. doi:10.11604/pamj.2021.38.107.27131

405.       Tong A, Baumgart A, Evangelidis N, et al. Core Outcome Measures for Trials in People With Coronavirus Disease 2019: Respiratory Failure, Multiorgan Failure, Shortness of Breath, and Recovery. Crit Care Med. 2021;49(3):503-516. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000004817

406.       Jöbges S, Vinay R, Luyckx VA, Biller-Andorno N. Recommendations on COVID-19 triage: international comparison and ethical analysis. Bioethics. 2020;34(9):948-959. doi:10.1111/bioe.12805

407.       Kucewicz-Czech E, Damps M. Triage during the COVID-19 pandemic. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2020;52(4):312-315. doi:10.5114/ait.2020.100564

408.       Aggour M, Tran Chi C, Fiehler J. Patient prioritization and management during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interv Neuroradiol. 2021;27(1_suppl):19-23. doi:10.1177/15910199211035302

409.       Tyrrell CSB, Mytton OT, Gentry SV, et al. Managing intensive care admissions when there are not enough beds during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review. Thorax. 2021;76(3):302-312. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-21

410.       Brown MJ, Goodwin J. Allocating Medical Resources in the Time of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(22):e79. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2009666

411.       Hick JL, Christian MD, Sprung CL; European Society of Intensive Care Medicine's Task Force for intensive care unit triage during an influenza epidemic or mass disaster. Chapter 2. Surge capacity and infrastructure considerations for mass critical care. Recommendations and standard operating procedures for intensive care unit and hospital preparations for an influenza epidemic or mass disaster. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36 Suppl 1:S11-S20. doi:10.1007/s00134-010-1761-4 (99)

412.       Rubinson L, Hick JL, Curtis JR, et al. Definitive care for the critically ill during a disaster: medical resources for surge capacity: from a Task Force for Mass Critical Care summit meeting, January 26-27, 2007, Chicago, IL. Chest. 2008;133(5 Suppl):32S-50S. doi:10.1378/chest.07-2691 (99)

413.       Khan Z, Hulme J, Sherwood N. An assessment of the validity of SOFA score based triage in H1N1 critically ill patients during an influenza pandemic. Anaesthesia. 2009;64(12):1283-1288. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.06135.x

414.       AP-HP/Universities/Inserm COVID-19 Research Collaboration. Predictive usefulness of RT-PCR testing in different patterns of Covid-19 symptomatology: analysis of a French cohort of 12,810 outpatients. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):21233. Published 2021 Oct 27. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99991-6

415.       Oliveira MC, Scharan KO, Thomés BI, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of a set of clinical and radiological criteria for screening of COVID-19 using RT-PCR as the reference standard. BMC Pulm Med. 2023;23(1):81. Published 2023 Mar 9. doi:10.1186/s12890-023-02369-9

416.       Hammond NE, Corley A, Fraser JF. The utility of procalcitonin in diagnosis of H1N1 influenza in intensive care patients. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2011;39(2):238-241. doi:10.1177/0310057X1103900213

417.       Barfod C, Lauritzen MM, Danker JK, et al. Abnormal vital signs are strong predictors for intensive care unit admission and in-hospital mortality in adults triaged in the emergency department - a prospective cohort study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2012;20:28. Published 2012 Apr 10. doi:10.1186/1757-7241-20-28

418.       Stelfox HT, Lane D, Boyd JM, et al. A scoping review of patient discharge from intensive care: opportunities and tools to improve care. Chest. 2015;147(2):317-327. doi:10.1378/chest.13-2965

419.       Plotnikoff KM, Krewulak KD, Hernández L, et al. Patient discharge from intensive care: an updated scoping review to identify tools and practices to inform high-quality care. Crit Care. 2021;25(1):438. Published 2021 Dec 17. doi:10.1186/s13054-021-03857-2

420.       Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, et al. 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease [published correction appears in Eur Heart J. 2022 Jun 1;43(21):2022. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac051.]. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(7):561-632. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab395

421.       Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines [published correction appears in Circulation. 2021 Feb 2;143(5):e228. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000960.] [published correction appears in Circulation. 2021 Mar 9;143(10):e784. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000966.]. Circulation. 2021;143(5):e35-e71. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000932

422.       Bohula EA, Katz JN, van Diepen S, et al. Demographics, Care Patterns, and Outcomes of Patients Admitted to Cardiac Intensive Care Units: The Critical Care Cardiology Trials Network Prospective North American Multicenter Registry of Cardiac Critical Illness. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(9):928-935. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2019.2467

423.       Miller PE, Senman BC, Gage A, et al. Acute Decompensated Valvular Disease in the Intensive Care Unit. JACC Adv. 2024;3(12):101402. Published 2024 Dec 26. doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.101402

424.       Akodad M, Schurtz G, Adda J, Leclercq F, Roubille F. Management of valvulopathies with acute severe heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;112(12):773-780. doi:10.1016/j.acvd.2019.06.009

425.       Duncan CF, Bowcock E, Pathan F, Orde SR. Mitral regurgitation in the critically ill: the devil is in the detail. Ann Intensive Care. 2023;13(1):67. Published 2023 Aug 2. doi:10.1186/s13613-023-01163-4