Global searching is not enabled.
Skip to main content
Book

Recommendations on The Clinical Interventions For The Prevention of The Primary Cesarean Section

Completion requirements
"last update: 4 August  2025"                                                                                                     Download Guideline

- References

1-  Ana Pilar Betran, Jiangfeng Ye, Ann-Beth Moller, João Paulo Souza, Jun Zhang - Trends and projections of caesarean section rates: global and regional estimates: BMJ Global Health 2021;6:e005671.

2-  Angolile CM, Max BL, Mushemba J, Mashauri HL. Global increased cesarean section rates and public health implications: A call to action. Health Sci Rep. 2023 May 18;6(5):e1274. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.1274. PMID: 37216058; PMCID: PMC10196217.

3-  Ministry of Health and Population [Egypt], El-Zanaty and Associates [Egypt], and ICF International. 2015. Egypt Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Cairo, Egypt and Rockville, Maryland, USA: Ministry of Health and Population and ICF International.

4-  Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS). Egypt Family Health Survey 2021. Cairo-CAPMAS-December 2022

5-  WHO . WHO statement on caesarean section rates; 2015. Accessed at 20/7/2025 https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-RHR-15.02

6-  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2021). Caesarean birth. (NICE guideline, NG192). Published 31 March 2021. Last updated 10 June 2025.

7-  Clock C, Kurtzman J, White J, Chung JH. Cesarean risk after successful external cephalic version: a matched, retrospective analysis. J Perinatol 2009;29:96-100.  

8-  American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Mode of term singleton breech delivery: ACOG committee opinion no. 340. Obstet Gynecol 2006;108:235-7.

9-  Yoshida M, Matsuda H, Kawakami Y, et al. Effectiveness of epidural anesthesia for external cephalic version (ECV). J Perinatol 2010;30: 580-3.

10- Barrett JF, Hannah ME, Hutton EK, et al. A randomized trial of planned cesarean or vaginal delivery for twin pregnancy: twin birth study collaborative group. N Engl J Med 2013;369: 1295-305.     

11- Pattinson RC, Cuthbert A, Vannevel V. Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term for deciding on mode of delivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 30;3(3):CD000161. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000161.pub2. PMID: 28358979; PMCID: PMC6464150.        

12- Gorman RE, Noble A, Andrews CM. The relationship between shoe size and mode of delivery. Midwifery Today 1997;70–1.

13- 112. Hanzal E, Kainz C, Hoffmann G, Deutinger J. An analysis of the prediction of cephalopelvic disproportion. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1993;253:161–6.

14- Hu, Y., Chen, J., Wen, J. et al. Effect of elective cesarean section on the risk of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 13, 119 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-13-119

15- The center of disease control (CDC). Hepatitis B Perinatal Vaccine Information. Accessed on 25/7/2025 https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/hcp/perinatal-provider-overview/vaccine-administration.html

16-  Smid MC, Dotters-Katz SK, Silver RM, Kuller JA. Body Mass Index 50 kg/m2 and Beyond: Perioperative Care of Pregnant Women With Superobesity Undergoing Cesarean Delivery. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2017 Aug;72(8):500-510. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000469. PMID: 28817167.

17-  Aaron B. Caughey, Alison G. Cahill, Jeanne-Marie Guise, Dwight J. Rouse. Safe prevention of the primary cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Volume 210, Issue 3, 2014. Pages 179 – 193

18-  Gulmezoglu AM, Crowther CA, Middleton P, Heatley E. Induction of labor for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;CD004945.

19-  Jozwiak M, Bloemenkamp KW, Kelly Mol BW, Irion O, Boulvain M. Mechanical methods for induction of labor. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;3:CD001233.

20-  Caughey AB, Nicholson JM, Cheng YW, Lyell DJ, Washington AE. Induction of labor and cesarean delivery by gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;195:700-5.

21-  Osmundson S, Ou-Yang RJ, Grobman WA. Elective induction compared with expectant management in nulliparous women with an unfavorable cervix. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117:583-7.

22-  WHO recommendations: intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

23-  Friedman EA, Sachtleben MR. Amniotomy and the course of labor. Obstet Gynecol 1963;22:755-70.

24-  Queensland Clinical Guidelines. Normal birth Guideline No. MN22.25-V5-R27 Queensland Health. 2022. Available from: http://www.health.qld.gov.au/qcg

25-  Abalos E, Oladapo OT, Chamillard M, et al. Duration of spontaneous labour in 'low-risk' women with 'normal' perinatal outcomes: A systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2018 Apr;223:123-132.

26-  Dalal AR, Purandare AC. The Partograph in Childbirth: An Absolute Essentiality or a Mere Exercise? J Obstet Gynaecol India. 2018 Feb;68(1):3-14. doi: 10.1007/s13224-017-1051-y.

27-  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2017). Intrapartum care for healthy women and babies. (NICE guideline, NG190).

28-  Rouse DJ, Owen J, Hauth JC. Active-phase labor arrest: oxytocin augmentation for at least 4 hours. Obstet Gynecol 1999;93:323-8.

29-  Rhoades JS, Cahill AG. Defining and Managing Normal and Abnormal First Stage of Labor. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2017 Dec;44(4):535-545. doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2017.07.001. PMID: 29078937.

30-  Downe S, Finlayson K, Oladapo OT, Bonet M, Gülmezoglu AM. What matters to women during childbirth: A systematic qualitative review. PloS one 2018;13(4):e0194906

31-  Martis R, Emilia O, Nurdiati DS, Brown J.. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well-being. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017

32-  Lee L, Dy J, Azzam H. Management of Spontaneous Labour at Term in Healthy Women. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2016 Sep;38(9):843-865. doi: 10.1016/j.jogc.2016.04.093. Epub 2016 Jun 25. PMID: 27670710.

33-  Spong CY, Berghella V, Wenstrom KD, Mercer BM, Saade GR. Preventing the first cesarean delivery: summary of a joint Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Society for MaternaleFetal Medicine, and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists workshop. Obstet Gynecol 2012;120:1181-93.

34-  American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion. Approaches to limit intervention during labor and birth. No. 766. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2017 (reaffirmed 2021);133(2):e164.

35-  Towner D, Castro MA, Eby-Wilkens E, Gilbert WM. Effect of mode of delivery in nulliparous women on neonatal intracranial injury. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1709-14.

36-  O’Mahony F, Hofmeyr GJ, Menon V. Choice of instruments for assisted vaginal delivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;11:CD005455.

37-  American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Operative vaginal delivery: ACOG practice bulletin 17. Washington, DC: ACOG; 2000.

38-  Powell J, Gilo N, Foote M, Gil K, Lavin JP. Vacuum and forceps training in residency: experience and self-reported competency. J Perinatol 2007;27:343-6.

39-  Shaffer BL, Caughey AB. Forceps delivery: potential benefits and a call for continued training. J Perinatol 2007;27:327-8.