Prevention and Management of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents

Methods of search:

A comprehensive search for guidelines was undertaken to identify the most relevant guidelines to consider for adaptation. Keywords used for search are: overweight, obesity, children overweight & adolescents overweight.

Inclusion / exclusion criteria followed in the search and retrieval of guidelines to be adapted:

• Selecting only evidence-based guidelines (guideline must include a report on methodology of development including the systematic literature searches and explicit links between individual recommendations and their supporting evidence)

• Selecting national and/or international guidelines

• Specific range of dates for publication (using Guidelines published or updated 2013 and later or the last 5 years)

• Selecting peer-reviewed publications only

• Selecting guidelines written in English language

• Excluding guidelines written by a single author

The following three categories of databases and websites were searched:

1. CPG databases and libraries (e.g., GIN, ECRI, SIGN, DynaMed, BIGG-REC PAHO)

2. Bibliographic databases (e.g., PubMed, Google Scholar)

3. Specialized professional societies (related to the pediatric subspecialty)

All retrieved Guidelines were screened and appraised using AGREE II instrument (www.agreetrust.org) by at least two members. The panel decided a cut-off point or rank the guidelines (any guideline scoring above 60% on the rigor dimension was retained)

After reviewing all the previous criteria the GDG/ GAG recommended using 3 guidelines:

1. WHO: Assessing and managing children at primary health care facilities to prevent overweight and obesity in the context of the double burden of malnutrition, 2017,
2. The Clinical Practice Guidelines For The Management Of Overweight And Obesity In Adults, Adolescents And Children In Australia, 2013.
3. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric obesity: recommendations from the Committee on Pediatric Obesity of the Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition. Korean J Pediatr. 2019 Jan;62(1):3-21.

We did Adolopment for these guidelines: (Adoption, Adaptation, and Development)

         -  Adoption for most of the guideline recommendations.

         -  Development of Good Practice Statement

Contributors to the guideline development process:

Guideline Development Group (GDG)/ Guideline Adaptation Group (GAG):

The GDG/ GAG included two subgroups; the clinicians/ healthcare providers subgroup and the guideline methodologists’ subgroup.

Clinicians Subgroups

The clinicians’ subgroup or clinical panel for this guideline included experts with a range of knowledge, technical skills and diverse perspectives in the field of infant and young child feeding.

The main functions of the clinical panel were adolopment of prevention and management of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents Guidelines, determining the scope of the guideline and guideline, reviewing the evidence, and formulating evidence-informed recommendations in case of changing strength of recommendations.

Guideline Methodologists Subgroup

There were 3 guideline methodologists with expertise in guidelines development, adaptation, GRADE and translation of evidence into recommendations. Methodologists provided orientation and overview of evidence-informed guideline development processes using the GRADE approach, guideline adaptation using the Adapted ADAPTE, provided AGREE II assessment of the source guidelines in collaboration with the clinician’s subgroup, generation of the EtD frameworks whenever applicable.

External Review Group:

The External Review Group for this guideline comprises 2 clinical national experts who have interest and expertise in as well as eminent international reviewers in prevention and management of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents.

They were identified by Egyptian Pediatric Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee (EPG) as people who can provide valuable insights during the guideline development process.

The External Review Group was asked to comment on (peer review) the final guideline to identify any criticism on the content and to comment on clarity and applicability as well as issues relating to implementation, dissemination, ethics, regulations, or monitoring, but not to change the recommendations formulated by the GDG/ GAG. The members of the External Review Group were required to submit declarations of interest before the peer review process.

Guideline Development/ Adaptation Group meetings:

GDG/ GAG meetings were organized virtually (weekly/bimonthly). Due to the extensive scope of the guideline, EPG was responsible for overseeing the adolopment process. the timetable and objectives of each meeting. GDG/ GAG meetings were also attended by members of the methodologists. Working rules for each contributor type were outlined by the chair at the start of each meeting, covering aspects such as vocal rights, voting, and evidence to decision and recommendation formulating processes.

Declarations of interests:

Prospective members of the GDG/ GAG were asked to fill in and sign the standard WHO declaration of interest and confidentiality undertaking forms. All guideline members and methodologists were also asked to fill in and sign the standard WHO declaration-of-interests.

Members of the external review group will be asked to fill in and sign the standard WHO declaration-of-interests form before the peer review process.

Evidence for the guideline:

We used the GRADE system (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) for assigning the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations that includes the following definitions [15]. Informed by the evidence required for the GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) framework(s) was(were) done while considering changing strength of recommendations according to availability of some resources in the recommendations (both ETD and changing strength of recommendation were not done in this guideline).

Description of the interpretation of the GRADE four levels of certainty of evidence:

Table 1. Classification of the Quality of Evidence

GRADE EtD’s contextual factors, criteria and considerations that link to the strength of recommendations:

Criteria and Considerations:

1. Benefits and harms: When a new recommendation is developed, desirable effects (benefits) need to be weighed against undesirable effects (risks/harms), considering any previous recommendation or another alternative. The larger the gap or gradient in favor of the desirable effects over the undesirable effects, the more likely that a strong recommendation will be made.

2. Certainty of the evidence about the effects: The higher the certainty of the scientific evidence base, the more likely that a strong will be made.

3. Values and preferences: If there is no important uncertainty or variability in how much people value the main outcomes, it is likely that a strong recommendation will be made. Uncertainty or variability around these values that could likely lead to different decisions, is more likely to lead to a conditional recommendation.

4. Economic implications: Lower costs (monetary, infrastructure, equipment or human resources) or greater cost-effectiveness are more likely to support a strong recommendation.

5. Equity and human rights: If an intervention will reduce inequities, improve equity or contribute to the realization of human rights, the greater the likelihood of a strong recommendation.

6. Feasibility: The greater the feasibility of an intervention to all stakeholders, the greater the likelihood of a strong recommendation.

7. Acceptability: If a recommendation is widely supported by health workers and program managers and there is widespread acceptance for implementation within the health service, the likelihood of a strong recommendation is greater.

Table 2. Classification of the Strengths of Recommendations

Developing good practice statements:

The GDG/ GAG also developed good practice statements for this guideline, which are actionable messages relevant to the guideline questions. The justification for each good practice statement was carefully considered by the GDG/ GAG with an emphasis that they are clearly needed. Good practice statements were developed, guided by the following GRADE criteria:

1- Message is really necessary with regard to actual healthcare practice

2- Have large net positive consequence (relevant outcomes and downstream consequences) (GRADE EtD domains)

3- Collecting and summarizing the evidence is a poor use of time and resources

4- Include awell-documented, clear rationale connecting indirect evidence

5- Are clear and actionable statements.

The GDG/ GAG collectively drafted and finalized good practice statements with relevant justifications and remarks to help with their interpretation, with close support and input from the consultant and guideline methodologists.

We have used the Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare (RIGHT) extension for adapted guidelines (RIGHT-Ad@pt Tool) as a reporting checklist for this guideline adaptation process as recommended by the EQUATOR network.