1. Gracey, J.F., Collins, D.S., & Huey, R.J. (2015). Gracey’s Meat Hygiene, 11th Edition London: W.B. Saunders.
2. Jones, T.C., Hunt, R.D., & King, N.W. (2006). Veterinary Pathology (6th ed.). Blackwell Publishing.
3. Meat Inspection Manual for Developing Countries. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome. Available at: https://www.fao.org/4/t0756e/t0756e00.htm
4. Radostits,
O.M., Gay, C.C., Hinchcliff, K.W., & Constable, P.D. (2007).
Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep,
Pigs and Goats (10th ed.). Saunders Elsevier.
5. Meat
Inspection and Control in the Slaughterhouse
by Michael D. O'Grady & Ian J. Blanchfield (2012). Wiley-Blackwell.
6. Figures Credit:
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Figure |
Reference |
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Fig.1 |
Manual on meat inspection for developing countries (FAO), 1994, CHAPTER 3 SPECIFIC DISEASES OF CATTLE, Available at: https://www.fao.org/4/t0756e/T0756E00.htm#TOC |
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Fig.2 |
Fenemore, C., Swinson, V. and Foster, A. (2024), Nodular skin disease in cattle. Veterinary Record, 195: 288-289. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.4768 |
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Fig 3 |
National Animal Disease Information Service available at: https://clients.nadis.org.uk/planner-articles/mites-in-cattle/ |
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.Fig. 4 |
National Animal Disease Information Service available at: https://clients.nadis.org.uk/planner-articles/mites-in-cattle/ |
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Fig. 5 |
Image details: Available at: https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/one-cow-injured-wat-hua-krabue-1136512415 Asset id: 1136512415, One cow was injured at Wat Hua Krabue, Thailand, Upload date: July 17, 2018, Categories: Animals/Wildlife |
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Fig.6 |
Swati Goel Sharma (2024) Multiple Cows With Grievous Wounds Found in Haryana Village After Lok Sabha Results, Activists Demand Deeper Probe, Available at: https://swarajyamag.com/society/was-it-done-to-disturb-peace-activists-demand-deeper-probe-after-multiple-cows-with-grievous-wounds-found-in-haryana-village-after-election-results |
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Fig.7 |
Available at: https://infonet-biovision.org/animal-health-and-disease/skin-problems-new/skin-tumours-and-warts |
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Fig. 8 |
Danny W. Scott, Skin Diseases, Chapter 4 Available at: https://veteriankey.com/skin-diseases-2/ |
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Fig. 9 |
Carrie Hammer, Taw Scaff, Miranda Meehan, Mary Keena, (2025)Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), North Dakota State University publication, Available at: https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/extension/publications/foot-and-mouth-disease-fmd |
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Fig. 10 |
Available at: https://www.ndda.nd.gov/divisions/animal-health/diseases/foot-and-mouth-disease |
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Fig. 11 |
Available at: https://vetmed.uodiyala.edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/ACTINOBACILLOSIS.pdf |
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Fig. 12 |
Manual on meat inspection for developing countries (FAO), 1994, CHAPTER 3 SPECIFIC DISEASES OF CATTLE, Available at: https://www.fao.org/4/t0756e/T0756E00.htm#TOC |
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Fig. 13 |
Available at: https://vetmed.uodiyala.edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/ACTINOMYCOSIS.pdf |
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Fig. 14 |
Available at: https://vetmed.uodiyala.edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/ACTINOMYCOSIS.pdf |
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Fig. 15 |
Crawshaw, T., de la Rua‐Domenech, R., & Brown, E. (2013). Recognising the gross pathology of tuberculosis in South American camelids, deer, goats, pigs and sheep. In Practice, 35(9), 490-502. https://doi.org/10.1136/inp.f5683 |
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Fig. 16 |
Elbarbary, N. K., Gareh, A., Abdelhaseib, M., Fotouh, A., Abdelmotilib, N. M., Ragab, M. F., & Dandrawy, M. K. (2025). Cysticercus bovis in slaughtered cattle in upper Egypt: implications for food safety. BMC Veterinary Research, 21(1), 344. Available at: https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-025-04768-y |
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Fig. 17 |
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Fig. 18 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 19 |
Available at: https://libyaherald.com/2012/02/fmd-hits-north-west-libya/ |
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Fig. 20 |
Credit: Dr. D. Gregg, Noah's Arkive, PIADC, Photo ID: FMD_010, Available at: https://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/diseaseinfo/disease-images/?disease=foot-and-mouth-disease |
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Fig. 21 |
Manual on meat inspection for developing countries (FAO), 1994, CHAPTER 3 SPECIFIC DISEASES OF CATTLE, Available at: https://www.fao.org/4/t0756e/T0756E00.htm#TOC |
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Fig. 22 |
Credit: PIADC, Photo ID: FMD_001, Available at: https://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/diseaseinfo/disease-images/?disease=foot-and-mouth-disease |
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Fig. 23 |
Enserink, M. (2008). Exotic disease of farm animals tests Europe's responses. Science, Vol. 319, No. 5864, available at: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.319.5864.710 |
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Fig. 24 |
The Pirbright Institute, Available at: https://www.hooknortonvets.co.uk/bluetongue-virus-update/ |
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Fig. 24-a |
Ovine Meat Inspection - 2nd Edition: Anatomy, Physiology and Disease Conditions, Nottingham University Press, Second edition, 2011, by Andy Grist |
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Fig. 24-b |
Ovine Meat Inspection - 2nd Edition: Anatomy, Physiology and Disease Conditions, Nottingham University Press, Second edition, 2011, by Andy Grist |
|
Fig. 25 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 26 |
Manual on meat inspection for developing countries (FAO), 1994, CHAPTER 3 SPECIFIC DISEASES OF CATTLE, Available at: https://www.fao.org/4/t0756e/T0756E00.htm#TOC |
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Fig. 27 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 28 |
Manual on meat inspection for developing countries (FAO), 1994, CHAPTER 2 SPECIFIC DISEASES OF CATTLE, Available at: https://www.fao.org/4/t0756e/T0756E00.htm#TOC |
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Fig. 29 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 30 |
Available at: Fatty liver in fat cow syndrome. Blowey RW, Weaver AD, Diseases and Disorders of Cattle, Mosby, 1997 |
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Fig. 31 |
In the beef industry, liver abscesses result in significant financial loss (Credit: T. Lawrence) Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/applied-animal-science/about/news/understanding-losses-from-liver-abscesses-in-the-beef-industry |
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Fig. 32 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 33 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 34 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 35 |
Available at: https://vetjournal.it/it/parassitologia/impatto-della-fasciola-epatica-sul-valore-della-carcassa.html |
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Fig. 36 |
Available at: https://sesc.cat/en/what-is-your-diagnosis-2/ |
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Fig. 37 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 38 |
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Fig. 39 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 40 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 41 |
Borai, M. G., Nagi, A. A., Gab-Allah, M. S., El-Mashad, I. A., & Moustafa, S. A. (2013). Comparative pathological studies on parasitic affections of liver in farm animals. Benha Vet. Med. J, 25(2), 284-295. |
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Fig. 42 |
Mark White, 2007, Available at: https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/pigs/ascariasis/ |
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Fig. 43 |
Manual on meat inspection for developing countries (FAO), 1994, CHAPTER 5 SPECIFIC DISEASES OF CATTLE, Available at: https://www.fao.org/4/t0756e/T0756E00.htm#TOC |
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Fig. 44 |
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Fig. 45 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 46 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 47 |
Otter, A., & Brzozowska, A. (2022). Pneumonia in adult cattle. The Veterinary Record, 190(5), 191-193. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.1551 |
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Fig. 48 |
Available at: https://www.awanuivets.co.nz/case-of-the-month-5/ |
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Fig. 49 |
Available at: https://www.msd-animal-health.ie/species/cattle/bovine-respiratory-disease/ |
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Fig. 50 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 51 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 52 |
Available at: https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub /pathologyoftherespiratorysystem/chapter/respiratory-diseases-of-cattle/ |
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Fig. 53 |
Subacute contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) : marbling of the lungs and distended interstitial septa, http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32927 |
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Fig. 54 |
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Fig. 55 |
Manual on meat inspection for developing countries (FAO), 1994, CHAPTER 2 GENERAL PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, Available at: https://www.fao.org/4/t0756e/T0756E00.htm#TOC & Ovine Meat Inspection - 2nd Edition: Anatomy, Physiology and Disease Conditions, Nottingham University Press, Second edition, 2011, by Andy Grist |
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Fig. 56 |
Available at: http://old.okologi.dk/media/236102/samgraesning-2014-randi-worm-powerpoint-oktober-2014.pdf |
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Fig. 57 |
Available at: https://www.metropolevet.cz/plicnivky-u-kocek/ |
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Fig. 58 |
Available at: https://sesc.cat/en/what-is-your-diagnosis-2/ |
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Fig. 59 |
Available at: https://www.revistaveterinaria.com.br/testes-de-diagnostico-de-doencas-em-touro-a-necessidade-do-controle-sanitario/ |
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Fig. 60 |
Available at: https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/ahfss/Animal_Health/images/gross_lesion.jpg |
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Fig. 61 |
Manual on meat inspection for developing countries (FAO), 1994, CHAPTER 3 SPECIFIC DISEASES OF CATTLE, Available at: https://www.fao.org/4/t0756e/T0756E00.htm#TOC |
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Fig. 62 |
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Fig. 63 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo |
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Fig. 64 |
by MADELINE CIAK, WSMH StaffTue, October 9th 2018 at 9:07 AM Updated Wed, October 10th 2018 at 7:55 AM Available at: https://komonews.com/news/nation-world/michigan-government-warns-hunters-to-lookout-for-bovine-tuberculosis-in-deer |
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Fig. 65 |
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Fig. 66 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 67 |
Ovine Meat Inspection - 2nd Edition: Anatomy, Physiology and Disease Conditions, Nottingham University Press, Second edition, 2011, by Andy Grist |
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Fig. 68 |
Credit: PIADC, Photo ID: Available at: https://diseaeseshows.com/hs_disease_pictures-2/ |
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Fig. 69 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 70 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 71 |
Manual on meat inspection for developing countries (FAO), 1994, CHAPTER 4 SPECIFIC DISEASES OF Pig, Available at: https://www.fao.org/4/t0756e/T0756E00.htm#TOC |
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Fig. 72 |
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Fig. 73 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 74 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 75 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 76 |
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Fig. 77 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 78 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 79 |
Credit: PIADC, Photo ID: CSF_004, Available at: https://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/diseaseinfo/disease-images/?disease=classical-swine-fever https://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/DiseaseInfo/ImageDB/CSF/CSF_004.jpg |
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Fig. 80 |
Available at: https://www.academia.edu/figures/25501276/figure-23-descriptive-human-health-risk-assessment-of |
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Fig. 81 |
Available at: https://sesc.cat/en/white-spotted-kidney-in-a-bovine/ |
|
Fig. 82 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 83 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 84 |
Manual on meat inspection for developing countries (FAO), 1994, CHAPTER 2 GENERAL PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, Available at: https://www.fao.org/4/t0756e/T0756E00.htm#TOC |
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Fig. 85 |
Ovine Meat Inspection - 2nd Edition: Anatomy, Physiology and Disease Conditions, Nottingham University Press, Second edition, 2011, by Andy Grist |
|
Fig. 86 |
Manual on meat inspection for developing countries (FAO), 1994, CHAPTER 2 SPECIFIC DISEASES OF PIGS, Available at: https://www.fao.org/4/t0756e/T0756E00.htm#TOC |
|
Fig. 87 |
Våge, D. I., & Boman, I. A. (2010). A nonsense mutation in the beta-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2) gene is tightly associated with accumulation of carotenoids in adipose tissue in sheep (Ovis aries). BMC genetics, 11(1), 10. |
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Fig. 88 |
Manual on meat inspection for developing countries (FAO), 1994, CHAPTER 2 GENERAL PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, Available at: https://www.fao.org/4/t0756e/T0756E00.htm#TOC |
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Fig. 89 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 90 |
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Fig. 91 |
Ovine Meat Inspection - 2nd Edition: Anatomy, Physiology and Disease Conditions, Nottingham University Press, Second edition, 2011, by Andy Grist |
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Fig. 92 |
Ovine Meat Inspection - 2nd Edition: Anatomy, Physiology and Disease Conditions, Nottingham University Press, Second edition, 2011, by Andy Grist |
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Fig. 93 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 94 |
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Fig. 95 |
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Fig. 96 |
The authors (Prof. Nabil Yassien, Dr. Hamdy M.B.A. Zaki) own photo from Basatin Abattoir Affections. |
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Fig. 97 |
Manual on meat inspection for developing countries (FAO), 1994, CHAPTER 2 GENERAL PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, Available at: https://www.fao.org/4/t0756e/T0756E00.htm#TOC |
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Fig. 98 |
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Fig. 99 |
FAO. (2019). Effects of stress and injury on meat and by-product quality. Retrieved from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fcphy.c150015 |