كتاب
Urinary Tract Infection
- Methods
A comprehensive search for guidelines was undertaken to identify the most relevant guidelines to consider for adaptation.
Inclusion/exclusion criteria followed in the search and retrieval of guidelines to be adapted:
• Selecting only evidence-based guidelines (guideline must include a report on systematic literature searches and explicit links between individual recommendations and their supporting evidence)
• Selecting only national and/or international guidelines
• Specific range of dates for publication (using Guidelines published or updated 2015 and later)
• Selecting peer reviewed publications only
• Selecting guidelines written in English language
• Excluding guidelines written by a single author not on behalf of an organization in order to be valid and comprehensive, a guideline ideally requires multidisciplinary input
• Excluding guidelines published without references as the panel needs to know whether a thorough literature review was conducted and whether current evidence was used in the preparation of the recommendations
The following characteristics of the retrieved guidelines were summarized in a table:
• Developing organisation/authors
• Date of publication, posting, and release
• Country/language of publication
• Date of posting and/or release
• Dates of the search used by the source guideline developers
All retrieved Guidelines were screened and appraised using AGREE II instrument (www.agreetrust.org) by at least two members. the panel decided a cut-off point or rank the guidelines (any guideline scoring above 50% on the rigour dimension was retained).
Databases searched included Cochrane Libraries and European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines, in the period from January 2022and September 2025. (24)
Adaptation of the Egyptian cultural aspects, the level of urologists’ capabilities and the availability of well equipped hospitals were considered in the methodology of diagnosis and different treatment modalities.
Evidence assessment.
According to WHO handbook for Guidelines we used the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach to assess the quality of a body of evidence, develop and report recommendations (18, 19). GRADE methods are used by WHO because these represent internationally agreed standards for making transparent recommendations. Detailed information on GRADE is available on the following sites:
• GRADE working group: https://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/
• GRADE online training modules: http://cebgrade.mcmaster.ca/
Table 1 Quality of evidence in GRADE
Table 2 Significance of the four levels of evidence
Table 3: Factors that determine How to upgrade or downgrade the quality of evidence
The strength of the recommendation.
The strength of a recommendation communicates the importance of adherence to the recommendation.
Strong recommendations.
With strong recommendations, the guideline communicates the message that the desirable effects of adherence to the recommendation outweigh the undesirable effects. This means that in most situations the recommendation can be adopted as policy.
Conditional recommendations.
These are made when there is greater uncertainty about the four factors above or if local adaptation has to account for a greater variety in values and preferences, or when resource use makes the intervention suitable for some, but not for other locations. This means that there is a need for substantial debate and involvement of stakeholders before this recommendation can be adopted as policy.
When not to make recommendations.
When there is lack of evidence on the effectiveness of an intervention, it may be appropriate not to make a recommendation.
