Emergency Management (Diagnosis and Treatment) of Seizures in Children beyond the Neonatal Period

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27.  McAbee GN, Wark JE. A practical approach to uncomplicated seizures in children. American family physician. 2000;62(5):1109-16.

28.  Martindale JL, Goldstein JN, Pallin DJ. Emergency department seizure epidemiology. Emergency medicine clinics of North America. 2011;29(1):15-27.

29.  Chaudhary N, Gupta MM, Shrestha S. Clinicodemographic Profile of Children with Seizures in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study. 2017;2017:1524548.

30.   Pallin DJ, Goldstein JN, Moussally JS, et al. Seizure visits in US emergency departments: epidemiology and potential disparities in care. Int J Emerg Med 2008;1(2):97–105.

31.  Annegers JF, Hauser WA, Lee JR, et al. Incidence of acute symptomatic seizures in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935–1984. Epilepsia 1995;36(4):327–33.

32.  Kotsopoulos IA, van Merode T, Kessels FG, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence studies of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures. Epilepsia 2002;43(11):1402–9.

33.  Sharma S, Riviello JJ, Harper MB, et al. The role of emergent neuroimaging in children with new-onset afebrile seizures. Pediatrics 2003; 111(1):1–5.

34.   Ong S, Talan DA, Moran GJ, et al. Neurocysticercosis in radiographically imaged seizure patients in U.S. emergency departments. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8(6): 608–13.

35.  Verity CM, Golding J. Risk of epilepsy after febrile convulsions: a national cohort study. BMJ 1991; 303(6814):1373–6.

36.  Berg AT. Febrile seizures and epilepsy: the contributions of epidemiology. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1992;6(2):145–52

37.  Farrar HC, Chande VT, Fitzpatrick DF, et al. Hyponatremia as the cause of seizures in infants: a retrospective analysis of incidence, severity, and clinical predictors. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 26(1):42–8.

38.  Krumholz A, Grufferman S, Orr ST, et al. Seizures and seizure care in an emergency department. Epilepsia 1989; 30(2):175–81.

39.   Sastry CPVR, Reddy RM. Study of prevalence and clinical spectrum of seizures in children in a teaching hospital in rural Telangana, India. Int J Contemp Pediatr 2018; 5:862-6.

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42.  DeLorenzo RJ, Hauser WA, Towne AR, et al. A prospective, population-based epidemiologic study of status epilepticus in Richmond, Virginia. Neurology 1996; 46(4):1029–35.

Reference epidemiology with special reference to Egypt:

43.  Reference epidemiology with special reference to Egypt. The global burden of disease: 2004 update. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004(http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/2004_report_update/en/index.html, accessed 22 January 2010).

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46.  Devender Bhalla., Elham Lotfalinezhad, Utsav Timalsina,  Saloni Kapoor, Kailash Suresh Kumar, Abdallah Abdelrahman, Brenda Giagante, Manjari Tripathi, Kavita Srivastava, Irmansyah Irmansyah. A comprehensive review of epilepsy in the Arab world. Seizure 2016 ; 34: 54-59.

47.  El-Tallawy HN1, Farghaly WM, Shehata GA, Abdel-Hakeem NM, Rageh TA, Abo-Elftoh NA, Hegazy A, Badry R. Epidemiology of epilepsy in New Valley Governorate, Al Kharga District, Egypt. Epilepsy Res. 2013;104(1-2):167-74

48.  Khedr EM, Shawky OA, Ahmed MA, Elfetoh NA, Al Attar G, Ali AM, Kandil MR, Farweez H. A community based epidemiological study of epilepsy in Assiut Governorate/Egypt. Epilepsy Res. 2013; 103(2-3):294-302

49.  Wafaa M.Farghaly, Mohamed A.  And Elhamed, Inas M. Hassan, Wael T. Soliman, Mohamed A. Yehia, Nermeen A. Hamdy. Prevalence of Childhood and Adolescence Epilepsy in Upper Egypt (Desert Areas). The Egypt J Neurol, Psychiatr Neurosurg 2018, 54(34): 1 – 7.

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51.  Ghaydaa A. Shehata. A review of epilepsy stigma in Egypt. Acta Psychopathologica 2016; 2(2): 13: 1 – 7

52.  Zeinab M. Monir, Inas R. EL-Alameey, Eman Eltahlawy. Health related quality of life of children with epilepsy in Egypt. J Arab Soc Med Res 2013; 8:53–66.

References: classification :

53.  Panayiotopoulos C.P. The Epilepsies: Seizures, Syndromes and Management. Oxfordshire (UK): Bladon Medical Publishing; 2005.

54.  Fisher R.S. The New Classification of Seizures by the International League Against Epilepsy. Article in Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 17(6); June 2017.

55.  Nickels K. How Have We Come This Far? Epilepsy Classification through the Ages. Epilepsy Curr. 17(4): 229–231, 2017.

56.  Pack A.M. Epilepsy Overview and Revised Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies. Continuum (Minneap Minn); 25(2):306-321, 2019.

57.  Fisher R.S., Cross J.H., D’Souza C., French J.A., Haut S.R., Higurashi N., Hirsch E., Jansen F.E., Lagae L., Moshe S.L., Peltola J., Perez E.R., Scheffer I.E., Schulze-Bonhage A., Somerville E., Sperling M., Yacubian E.M., and Zuberi S.M.on behalf of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Instruction manual for the ILAE 2017 operational classification of seizure types. Epilepsia, 58(4):531–542, 2017.

58.  Stafstrom CE. And Carmant L. Seizures and Epilepsy: An Overview for Neuroscientists. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med.; Jun; 5(6): a022426 (2015).

59.  Scheffer I.E., Berkovic S., Capovilla G., Connolly M.B.,et al. ILAE Classification of the Epilepsies Position Paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsies. 58(4): 512–521, 2017.

60.  Brodie M.J., Zuberi S.M., Scheffer I.E.,Fisher R.S. The 2017 ILAE classification of seizure types and the epilepsies: what do people with epilepsy and their caregivers need to know? Epileptic Disord; 20 (2): 77-87, 2018.

61.  Chang R.S., Leung C.Y.W., Ho C.C.A. And Yung A. Classifications of seizures and epilepsies, where are we? – A brief historical review and update. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association; Vol 116, Issue 10, 736-741, 2017.

62.  Berg A.T., Berkovic S.F., Brodie M.J., Buchhalter J., Cross J.H., van Emde Boas W., Engel J., French J., Glauser T.A., Mathern G.W., et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: Report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology; Epilepsia. 2010; 51:676–685, 2009.

63.  Trinka E., Cock H., Hesdorffer D., Rossetti A. O., Scheffer I. E., Shinnar S., Shorvon S., Lowenstein D. H. A definition and classification of status epilepticus--Report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus. Epilepsia; 56(10):1515-23, 2015.

REFRENCES complications :

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69.   Hirtz D, Ashwal S, Berg A, Bettis D, Camfield C, Camfield P, et al. Practice parameter: evaluating a first non-febrile seizure in children: report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology, The Child Neurology Society, and The American Epilepsy Society. Neurology 2000; 55:616–623.

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References management :

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74.  WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. 2016. Guideline: Updates on Paediatric Emergency Triage, Assessment and Treatment: Care of Critically-Ill Children. In Guideline: Updates on Paediatric Emergency Triage, Assessment and Treatment: Care of Critically-Ill Children. eneva.

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77.  Bashiri, F. A., M. H. Hamad, Y. S. Amer, M. M. Abouelkheir, S. Mohamed, A. Y. Kentab, M. A. Salih, M. N. Al Nasser, A. A. Al-Eyadhy, M. A. Al Othman, T. Al-Ahmadi, S. M. Iqbal, A. M. Somily, H. A. Wahabi, K. J. Hundallah, A. H. Alwadei, R. S. Albaradie, W. A. Al-Twaijri, M. M. Jan, F. Al-Otaibi, A. M. Alnemri, and L. A. Al-Ansary. 2017. Management of convulsive status epilepticus in children: an adapted clinical practice guideline for pediatricians in Saudi Arabia. Neurosciences (Riyadh) 22 (2):146-155.

78.  Glauser, T., S. Shinnar, D. Gloss, B. Alldredge, R. Arya, J. Bainbridge, M. Bare, T. Bleck, W. E. Dodson, L. Garrity, A. Jagoda, D. Lowenstein, J. Pellock, J. Riviello, E. Sloan, and D. M. Treiman. 2016. Evidence-Based Guideline: Treatment of Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children and Adults: Report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy Curr 16 (1):48-61.

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85.  Arthur TM, deGrauw TJ, Johnson CS, et al. Seizure recurrence risk following a first seizure in neurologically normal children. Epilepsia 2008; 49:1950.

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مراجع جزء رسائل الأمهات

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