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the Management of Perianal Abscess, Fistula and Recto-Vaginal Fistula

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"last update: 12 Jan 2026"                                                                                              Download Guideline

- References

1.  Cox SW, Senagore AJ, Luchtefeld MA, Mazier WP. Outcome after incision and drainage with fistulotomy for ischiorectal abscess. Am Surg. 1997; 63:686–689.

2.  Gosselink MP, van Onkelen RS, Schouten WR. The cryptoglandular theory revisited. Colorectal Dis. 2015; 17:1041–1043.

3.  Abcarian H. Anorectal infection: abscess-fistula. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2011; 24:14–21.

4.  Read DR, Abcarian H. A prospective survey of 474 patients with anorectal abscess. Dis Colon Rectum. 1979; 22:566–568.

5.  Vasilevsky CA, Gordon PH. The incidence of recurrent abscesses or fistula-in-ano following anorectal suppuration. Dis Colon Rectum. 1984; 27:126–130.

6.  Wang D, Yang G, Qiu J, et al. Risk factors for anal fistula: a case- control study. Tech Coloproctol. 2014; 18:635–639.

7.  Hämäläinen KP, Sainio AP. Incidence of fistulae after drainage of acute anorectal abscesses. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998; 41:1357–1361.

8.  Hall JF, Bordeianou L, Hyman N, et al. Outcomes after operations for anal fistula: results of a prospective, multicenter, regional study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014; 57:1304–1308.

9.  Parks AG, Gordon PH, Hardcastle JD. A classification of fistula- in-ano. Br J Surg. 1976; 63:1–12.

10.        Gaertner, WB, Burgess, PL, Davids, JS, et al. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons clinical practice guidelines for the management of anorectal abscess, fistula-in-ano, and rectovaginal fistula, Dis Colon Rectum 2022 Aug 1;65(8):964-985. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000002473.

11.        Vogel, JD, Johnson, EK,.Morris, AM, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of anorectal abscess, fistula-in-ano, and rectovaginal fistula. Dis Colon Rectum 2016; 59: 1117–1133 DOI: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000733.