Most common fish viral diseases

Aquaculture has become one of the most rapidly expanding food production industries globally, significantly contributing to the increasing demand for economical protein and enhancing global food security. Tilapia is known as fundamental species in aquaculture because to its flexibility, fast growth, and economic significance (Ashouri et al., 2023). The intensification of aquaculture methods has led to promote susceptibility to infectious diseases, with viral infections posing significant and unpredictable risks (Uma, 2025; Combe et al., 2023).

    Numerous viruses have been considered as significant obstacles to the sustainability of aquaculture. Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) has attracted international concern owing to its elevated mortality rates and extensive prevalence (Shafi, 2025; Aich et al., 2022), while other pathogens such as Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV), Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV), Viral Encephalitis of Tilapia Larvae, Spring Viremia of Carp Virus (SVCV), and Koi Herpesvirus (KHV) highlight the diversity and complexity of viral infections impacting cultured fish (John et al., 2023; Machimbirike et al., 2019; ‏ Sano et al., 2006). These viruses are associated diseases that affect fish livestock health and aquicultural output while also imposing considerable economic, ecological, and social impacts (Jennings et al., 2016).

    Studying the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnostic techniques of various viral diseases is crucial for optimal management (Admasu & Wakjira, 2021; Noga, 2010; Georgiadis et al., 2001). Conventional diagnostic methods, enhanced by sophisticated molecular techniques, have augmented detection and monitoring (MacAulay et al., 2022); yet deficiencies persist in recognizing viral reservoirs and predicting outbreak patterns (Grubaugh et al., 2019). Furthermore, existing preventative and control techniques which range from biosecurity measures to experimental vaccines necessitate additional refining to guarantee the long-term sustainability of aquaculture systems (Can et al., 2023).