Reactive Attachment Disorder

1.  National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK). Children's Attachment: Attachment in Children and Young People Who Are Adopted from Care, in Care or at High Risk of Going into Care. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2015 Nov. (NICE Guideline, No. 26.) 2, Introduction to children's attachment. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK356196/

2. Joseph MA, O'Connor TG, Briskman JA, et al; The formation of secure new attachments by children who were maltreated: an observational study of adolescents in foster care. Dev Psychopathol. 2014 Feb;26(1):67-80. doi: 10.1017/S0954579413000540. Epub 2013 Oct 29.

3. Winokur M, Holtan A, Batchelder KE; Kinship care for the safety, permanency, and well-being of children removed from the home for maltreatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jan 31;1:CD006546.  doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006546.pub3.

4. Ellis EE, Yilanli M, Saadabadi A. Reactive Attachment Disorder. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537155/

5. Zeanah CH, Chesher T, Boris NW., American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) Committee on Quality Issues (CQI). Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016 Nov;55(11):990-1003. [PubMed].

6. Diamond G, Diamond GM, Levy S. Attachment-based family therapy: Theory, clinical model, outcomes, and process research. J Affect Disord. 2021 Nov 1;294:286-295. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.005. Epub 2021 Jul 16. PMID: 34304083; PMCID: PMC8489519.

7. Bosmans G, Verschueren K, Cuyvers B, Minnis H. Current Perspectives on the Management of Reactive Attachment Disorder in Early Education. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2020 Dec 18; 13:1235-1246. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S264148. PMID: 33376419; PMCID: PMC7755333.

8. Talmón-Knuser F, González-Sala F, Lacomba-Trejo L, Samper-García P. Reactive Attachment Disorder and Its Relationship to Psychopathology: A Systematic Review. Children (Basel). 2023 Dec 6;10(12):1892. doi: 10.3390/children10121892. PMID: 38136094; PMCID: PMC10741566

9. Nasrin Zamani, Mehdi Tavallaei, Somaieh Kahdouei. Cognitive-behavioral play therapy in children with reactive attachment disorder: help reduce anxiety, impulsivity, bullying and antisocial behaviors. J Adv Pharm Edu Res 2020;10(S4):115-122. Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared.

10. American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Attachment Disorders (https://www.aacap.org/aacap/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Attachment-Disorders-085.aspx). Accessed 2/21/2022.

11. de Arellano MA, Lyman DR, Jobe-Shields L, George P, Dougherty RH, Daniels AS, Ghose SS, Huang L, Delphin-Rittmon ME. Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for children and adolescents: assessing the evidence. Psychiatr Serv. 2014 May 1;65(5):591-602. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201300255. PMID: 24638076; PMCID: PMC4396183.

12. International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision; World Health Organization, 2019/2021.

13. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596