1. Ross, S.D., et
al., Management of newly diagnosed patients with epilepsy: a systematic review
of the literature. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ), 2001(39): p. 1-3.
2. Xu, Y., et al., Frequency of a false
positive diagnosis of epilepsy: A systematic review of observational studies.
Seizure, 2016. 41: p. 167-74.
3. Fowle, A.J. and C.D. Binnie, Uses and
abuses of the EEG in epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2000. 41 Suppl 3: p. S10-8.
4. Hirtz, D., et al., Practice parameter:
evaluating a first nonfebrile seizure in children: report of the quality
standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology, The Child
Neurology Society, and The American Epilepsy Society. Neurology, 2000. 55(5):
p. 616-23.
5. Mohan, K.K., O.N. Markand, and V.
Salanova, Diagnostic utility of video EEG monitoring in paroxysmal events. Acta
Neurol Scand, 1996. 94(5): p. 320-5.
6. Peltola, M.E., et al., Routine and
sleep EEG: Minimum recording standards of the International Federation of
Clinical Neurophysiology and the International League Against Epilepsy.
Clinical Neurophysiology, 2023. 147: p. 108-120.
7. Baldin, E., et al., Yield of
epileptiform electroencephalogram abnormalities in incident unprovoked
seizures: a population-based study. Epilepsia, 2014. 55(9): p. 1389-98.
8. Limotai, C., et al., How and Whom to
Monitor for Seizures in an ICU: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Crit
Care Med, 2019. 47(4): p. e366-e373.
9. Sinha, S.R., et al., American Clinical
Neurophysiology Society Guideline 1: Minimum Technical Requirements for
Performing Clinical Electroencephalography. Journal of Clinical
Neurophysiology, 2016. 33(4).
10. Ufongene, C., et al.,
Electrocardiographic changes associated with epilepsy beyond heart rate and
their utilization in future seizure detection and forecasting methods. Clin
Neurophysiol, 2020. 131(4): p. 866-879.
11. Bernasconi, A. and F. Cendes,
Recommendations for the use of structural magnetic resonance imaging in the
care of patients with epilepsy: A consensus report from the International
League Against Epilepsy Neuroimaging Task Force. 2019. 60(6): p. 1054-1068.
12. Jackson, C.F., S.M. Makin, and G.A.
Baker, Neuropsychological and psychological interventions for people with newly
diagnosed epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2015. 2015(7): p. Cd011311.
13. Beghi, E., et al., Adjunctive therapy
versus alternative monotherapy in patients with partial epilepsy failing on a
single drug: a multicentre, randomised, pragmatic controlled trial. Epilepsy
Res, 2003. 57(1): p. 1-13.
14 Kwan, P. and M.J. Brodie, Epilepsy after
the first drug fails: substitution or add-on? Seizure, 2000. 9(7): p. 464-8.
15. Strozzi, I., et al., Early versus late
antiepileptic drug withdrawal for people with epilepsy in remission. Cochrane
Database Syst Rev, 2015. 2015(2): p. Cd001902.
16. Randomised study of antiepileptic drug
withdrawal in patients in remission. Medical Research Council Antiepileptic
Drug Withdrawal Study Group. Lancet, 1991. 337(8751): p. 1175-80.
17. Mikkelsen, B., et al., Clonazepam
(Rivotril) and carbamazepine (Tegretol) in psychomotor epilepsy: a randomized
multicenter trial. Epilepsia, 1981. 22(4): p. 415-20.
18. Marson, A.G., et al., A randomised
controlled trial examining the longer-term outcomes of standard versus new
antiepileptic drugs. The SANAD trial. Health Technol Assess, 2007. 11(37): p.
iii-iv, ix-x, 1-134.
19. Brodie, M.J., A. Richens, and A.W. Yuen,
Double-blind comparison of lamotrigine and carbamazepine in newly diagnosed
epilepsy. UK Lamotrigine/Carbamazepine Monotherapy Trial Group. Lancet, 1995.
345(8948): p. 476-9.
20. Nieto-Barrera, M., et al., A comparison
of monotherapy with lamotrigine or carbamazepine in patients with newly
diagnosed partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Res, 2001. 46(2): p. 145-55.
21. Steinhoff, B.J., et al., The LAM-SAFE
Study: lamotrigine versus carbamazepine or valproic acid in newly diagnosed
focal and generalised epilepsies in adolescents and adults. Seizure, 2005.
14(8): p. 597-605.
22. Anand, A., et al., Self-Limited Epilepsy
with Autonomic Seizures (SeLEAS): A Retrospective Case Series. International
Journal of Epilepsy, 2023. 08.
23. Chen, S., et al., Treatments for the
idiopathic occipital lobe epilepsies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Dec
19;2017(12):CD012895. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012895. eCollection 2017 Dec.
24. Posner, E.B., K. Mohamed, and A.G.
Marson, A systematic review of treatment of typical absence seizures in
children and adolescents with ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine.
Seizure, 2005. 14(2): p. 117-22.
25 . Vrielynck, P., Current and emerging
treatments for absence seizures in young patients. Neuropsychiatric Disease and
Treatment, 2013. 9(null): p. 963-975.
26. Smith, K.M., et al., Management of
epilepsy with eyelid myoclonia: Results of an international expert consensus
panel. Epilepsia, 2023. 64(9): p. 2342-2350.
27. Nickels, K. and E.H. Kossoff, Epilepsy
with myoclonic-atonic seizures (Doose syndrome): Clarification of diagnosis and
treatment options through a large retrospective multicenter cohort. 2021.
62(1): p. 120-127.
28. Glauser, T., et al., Rufinamide for
generalized seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Neurology, 2008.
70(21): p. 1950-8.
29. Eriksson, A.S., A. Nergårdh, and K.
Hoppu, The efficacy of lamotrigine in children and adolescents with refractory
generalized epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Epilepsia,
1998. 39(5): p. 495-501.
30. Sachdeo, R.C., et al., A double-blind,
randomized trial of topiramate in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Topiramate YL Study
Group. Neurology, 1999. 52(9): p. 1882-7.
31. Sonnek, B., et al., Clinical spectrum and
treatment outcome of 95 children with continuous spikes and waves during sleep
(CSWS). European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, 2021. 30: p. 121-127.
32. Kessi, M., et al., Efficacy of different
treatment modalities for acute and chronic phases of the febrile
infection-related epilepsy syndrome: A systematic review. Seizure, 2020. 79: p.
61-68.
33. Auvin, S., et al.,
Hemiconvulsion–hemiplegia–epilepsy syndrome: Current understandings. European
Journal of Paediatric Neurology, 2012. 16(5): p. 413-421.
34. Brigo, F., S.C. Igwe, and S. Lattanzi,
Ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine for absence seizures in children
and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2021. 1(1): p. Cd003032.
35 .Levisohn, P.M. and K.D. Holland, Topiramate
or valproate in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: a randomized
open-label comparison. Epilepsy Behav, 2007. 10(4): p. 547-52.
36. Noachtar, S., et al., Levetiracetam for
the treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsy with myoclonic seizures.
Neurology, 2008. 70(8): p. 607-16.
37. Ramsay, R.E. and J. DeToledo,
Tonic-clonic seizures: a systematic review of antiepilepsy drug efficacy and
safety. Clin Ther, 1997. 19(3): p. 433-46; discussion 367-8.
38. Bill, P.A., et al., A double-blind controlled
clinical trial of oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin in adults with previously
untreated epilepsy. Epilepsy Res, 1997. 27(3): p. 195-204.
39. Guerreiro, M.M., et al., A double-blind
controlled clinical trial of oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin in children and
adolescents with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res, 1997. 27(3): p. 205-13.
40 . Brophy, G.M., et al., Guidelines for the
evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care, 2012. 17(1):
p. 3-23.
41. Alldredge, B.K., et al., A comparison of lorazepam,
diazepam, and placebo for the treatment of out-of-hospital status epilepticus.
N Engl J Med, 2001. 345(9): p. 631-7.
42. Welch, R.D., et al., Intramuscular
midazolam versus intravenous lorazepam for the prehospital treatment of status
epilepticus in the pediatric population. Epilepsia, 2015. 56(2): p. 254-62.
43. Cruickshank, M. and M. Imamura,
Pre-hospital and emergency department treatment of convulsive status
epilepticus in adults: an evidence synthesis. 2022. 26(20): p. 1-76.
44. Silbergleit, R., et al., Intramuscular
versus intravenous therapy for prehospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med,
2012. 366(7): p. 591-600.
45. Cruickshank, M., et al., Management of
the first stage of convulsive status epilepticus in adults: a systematic review
of current randomised evidence. J Neurol, 2022. 269(7): p. 3420-3429.
46. Rossetti, A.O., et al., A randomized
trial for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care, 2011.
14(1): p. 4-10.
47. Ozdemir, D., et al., Efficacy of
continuous midazolam infusion and mortality in childhood refractory generalized
convulsive status epilepticus. Seizure, 2005. 14(2): p. 129-32.
48. Ho, K.M. and J.Y. Ng, The use of propofol
for medium and long-term sedation in critically ill adult patients: a
meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med, 2008. 34(11): p. 1969-79.
49. Barberio, M., et al., Continuous infusion
pentobarbital for refractory status epilepticus in children. J Child Neurol,
2012. 27(6): p. 721-6.
50. Bellante, F., et al., Midazolam and
thiopental for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus: a retrospective
comparison of efficacy and safety. J Neurol, 2016. 263(4): p. 799-806.
51. Byun, J.I., et al., Mega-dose
phenobarbital therapy for super-refractory status epilepticus. Epileptic
Disord, 2015. 17(4): p. 444-52.
52. Alkhachroum, A., et al., Ketamine to
treat super-refractory status epilepticus. 2020. 95(16): p. e2286-e2294.
53 . Fa, Z., et al., Magnesium Sulfate for
non-Eclamptic Status Epilepticus. Seizure, 2015. 32.
54 . Lin, J.J., et al., Combination of
intravenous immunoglobulin and steroid pulse therapy improves outcomes of
febrile refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res, 2018. 142: p. 100-105.
55 . Cervenka, M.C., et al., Phase I/II
multicenter ketogenic diet study for adult superrefractory status epilepticus.
Neurology, 2017. 88(10): p. 938-943.
56. Dibué-Adjei, M., et al., Vagus nerve
stimulation in refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus - A
systematic review. Brain Stimul, 2019. 12(5): p. 1101-1110.
57. Neligan, A., et al., Change in Mortality
of Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus in High-Income Countries Over
Time: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Neurology, 2019. 76(8): p.
897-905.
58 . Zeiler, F.A., et al., Electroconvulsive
therapy for refractory status epilepticus: A systematic review. Seizure, 2016.
35: p. 23-32.
59 . Rados, M., et al., Diagnostic value of
MRI in the presurgical evaluation of patients with epilepsy: influence of field
strength and sequence selection: a systematic review and meta-analysis from the
E-PILEPSY Consortium. Epileptic Disord, 2022. 24(2): p. 323-342.
60. Kim, S. and J.M. Mountz, SPECT Imaging of
Epilepsy: An Overview and Comparison with F-18 FDG PET. Int J Mol Imaging,
2011. 2011: p. 813028.
61 . Niu, N., et al., Performance of PET
imaging for the localization of epileptogenic zone in patients with epilepsy: a
meta-analysis. 2021. 31(8): p. 6353-6366.
62 . Schmid, E., et al., Diagnostic accuracy
of functional magnetic resonance imaging, Wada test, magnetoencephalography, and
functional transcranial Doppler sonography for memory and language outcome
after epilepsy surgery: A systematic review. 2018. 59(12): p. 2305-2317.
63 . Yan, H., et al., Method of invasive
monitoring in epilepsy surgery and seizure freedom and morbidity: A systematic
review. 2019. 60(9): p. 1960-1972.
64. Rajeev, S., et al., 210 Intra-Operative
Electrocorticography (ECoG) for Lesional Epilepsy: A Randomized Controlled
Trial (IO-ECoG Trial). Neurosurgery, 2023. 69(Supplement_1).
65. Heck, C.N., et al., Two-year seizure
reduction in adults with medically intractable partial onset epilepsy treated
with responsive neurostimulation: Final results of the RNS System Pivotal
trial. Epilepsia, 2014. 55(3): p. 432-441.
66. Lee, A.T., et al., A historical cohort of
temporal lobe surgery for medically refractory epilepsy: a systematic review
and meta-analysis to guide future nonrandomized controlled trial studies. J
Neurosurg, 2019: p. 1-8.
67 . Nunna, R.S., et al., Responsive
Neurostimulation of the Mesial Temporal White Matter in Bilateral Temporal Lobe
Epilepsy. Neurosurgery, 2021. 88(2): p. 261-267.
68. Khankhanian, P., et al., Combined VNS-RNS
Neuromodulation for Epilepsy. 2022. 39(2): p. e5-e9.
69. Moosa, A.N.V., et al., Long-term
functional outcomes and their predictors after hemispherectomy in 115 children.
Epilepsia, 2013. 54(10): p. 1771-1779.
70. Passamonti, C., et al., Long-term seizure
and behavioral outcomes after corpus callosotomy. Epilepsy Behav, 2014. 41: p.
23-9.
71. Handforth, A., et al., Vagus nerve stimulation
therapy for partial-onset seizures: a randomized active-control trial.
Neurology, 1998. 51(1): p. 48-55.
72. Salanova, V., et al., Long-term efficacy
and safety of thalamic stimulation for drug-resistant partial epilepsy.
Neurology, 2015. 84(10): p. 1017-25.
73. S.
Chateauvieux, F. Morceau, and M. Diederich, “Valproic acid,” in Encyclopedia
of Toxicology, Fourth Edition: Volume 1-9, vol. 9, Treasure Island (FL),
2023, pp. V9-705-V9-713. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-824315-2.00578-9.
74. M. Gupta
and J. Tripp, “Phenytoin.,” Treasure Island (FL), 2024.
75. J. S. Maan,
T. vi H. Duong, and A. Saadabadi, “Carbamazepine.,” Treasure Island (FL), 2024.
76. C. V
Preuss, G. Randhawa, T. J. P. Wy, and A. Saadabadi, “Oxcarbazepine.,” Treasure
Island (FL), 2024.
77. G. L.
Galiana, A. C. Gauthier, and R. H. Mattson, “Eslicarbazepine Acetate: A New
Improvement on a Classic Drug Family for the
Treatment of Partial-Onset Seizures.,” Drugs R. D., vol. 17, no. 3, pp.
329–339, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1007/s40268-017-0197-5.
78. A. Kumar,
K. Maini, and R. Kadian, “Levetiracetam.,” Treasure Island (FL), 2024.
79. F. Khaleghi
and E. C. 2nd Nemec, “Brivaracetam (Briviact): A Novel Adjunctive Therapy for
Partial-Onset Seizures.,” P T, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 92–96, Feb. 2017.
80, K. A.
Fariba and A. Saadabadi, “Topiramate.,” Treasure Island (FL), 2024.
81. N. T.
Betchel, K. A. Fariba, and A. Saadabadi, “Lamotrigine.,” Treasure Island (FL),
2024.
82. P. Doty,
G. D. Rudd, T. Stoehr, and D. Thomas, “Lacosamide.,” Neurother. J. Am. Soc. Exp. Neurother., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 145–148, Jan.
2007, doi: 10.1016/j.nurt.2006.10.002.
83. J.
Greenwood and J. Valdes, “Perampanel (Fycompa): A Review of Clinical Efficacy
and Safety in Epilepsy.,” P T, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 683–698, Nov. 2016.
84. M. J.
Humayun and R. Wadhwa, “Rufinamide.,” Treasure Island (FL), 2024.
85. R. Singh
and R. P. Carson, “Vigabatrin.,” Treasure Island (FL), 2024.
